The Confessions of Jean Jacques Rousseau, by Jean Jacques Rousseau. Artemenes. Orondates - Google 検索. Aristides. Athenian general and statesman Aristides (; Greek: Ἀριστείδης, Aristeides; 530–468 BC) was an ancient Athenian statesman. Nicknamed "the Just", he flourished in the early quarter of Athens' Classical period and is remembered for his generalship in the Persian War. The ancient historian Herodotus cited him as "the best and most honourable man in Athens",[1] and he received similarly reverent treatment in Plato's Socratic dialogues. Biography[edit] Aristides and the citizens According to Plutarch, the rivalry between Aristides and Themistocles began in their youth, when they competed for the love of a beautiful boy called Stesilaüs from Ceos.[3] The conflict between the two leaders ended in the ostracism of Aristides at a date variously given between 485 and 482. It is said that, on this occasion, an illiterate voter who did not recognise Aristides approached the statesman and requested that he write the name of Aristides on his voting shard to ostracize him.
Authorities[edit] Notes[edit] Brutus the Younger. Roman politician Brutus was close to General Julius Caesar, the leader of the Populares faction. However, Caesar's attempts to assume greater power for himself put him at greater odds with the Roman elite and members of the Senate. Brutus eventually came to oppose Caesar and fought on the side of the Optimates faction, led by Pompey the Great, against Caesar's forces in Caesar's Civil War.
Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, after which Brutus surrendered to Caesar, who granted him amnesty. However, the underlying political tensions that led to the war had not been resolved. Due to Caesar's increasingly monarchical behavior, several senators, calling themselves "Liberators", plotted to assassinate him. Early life[edit] Brutus held his uncle in high regard[7] and his political career started when he became an assistant to Cato, during his governorship of Cyprus.[8] During this time, he enriched himself by lending money at high rates of interest. Military career[edit] Agesilaus II. 4th-century BC Spartan king Basileus of Sparta, Hegemon of the Peloponnesian League Agesilaus II (; Greek: Ἀγησίλαος Agesilaos; c. 444/443 – c. 360 BC), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta[a] and a member of the Eurypontid dynasty ruling from 398 to about 360 BC, during most of which time he was, in Plutarch's words, "as good as though commander and king of all Greece," and was for the whole of it greatly identified with his country's deeds and fortunes.[1] Small in stature and lame from birth, Agesilaus became ruler somewhat unexpectedly in his mid-forties.
His reign saw successful military incursions into various states in Asia Minor, as well as successes in the Corinthian War; however, several diplomatic decisions resulted in Sparta becoming increasingly isolated prior to his death at the age of 84 in Cyrenaica. Life[edit] Early life[edit] There is little surviving detail on the youth of Agesilaus. Early reign[edit] Corinthian war[edit] Decline[edit] Legacy[edit] Molière. French playwright and actor (1622–1673) Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ batist pɔklɛ̃], [pɔkəlɛ̃]; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (, ,[1][2][3] French: [mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the French language and world literature.
His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and more. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed at the Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today.[4] His influence is such that the French language is often referred to as the "language of Molière".[5] Born into a prosperous family and having studied at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin a life in the theatre. Despite the adulation of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism from other circles.
Life[edit] Jean de La Bruyère. French philosopher and moralist (1645–1696) Jean de La Bruyère (,[1] ,[2][3] French: [ʒɑ̃ d(ə) la bʁɥijɛʁ]; 16 August 1645 – 11 May 1696) was a French philosopher and moralist, who was noted for his satire. Jean de La Bruyère was born in Paris, in today's Essonne département, in 1645. His family was middle class, and his reference to a certain "Geoffroy de La Bruyère", a crusader, is only a satirical illustration of a method of self-ennoblement then common in France, as in some other countries. As such, he signed his surname as Delabruyère in one word, as evidence of this disdain. La Bruyère's father also had been active in the league under the Duke of Guise in 1584.[6] His father was controller general of finance to the Hôtel de Ville, and despite the turmoil in the country, was able to pay for La Bruyère's education and to leave him a considerable sum as an inheritance.[6] Very little is known of the events of this part—or, indeed, of any part—of his life.
"Quand La Bruyère se présente. Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds. Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (French: Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes) is a popular science book by French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, published in 1686. It offered an explanation of the heliocentric model of the Universe, suggested by Nicolaus Copernicus in his 1543 work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.
The book is Fontenelle's most famous work and is considered to be one of the first major works of the Age of Enlightenment. Background[edit] Unlike many scientific works of its time, Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds was written not in Latin, but in French and is notable as one of the first books to attempt an explanation of scientific theories in popular language. In the preface, Fontenelle addresses female readers and suggests that the offered explanation should be easily understood even by those without scientific knowledge. A precursor includes Giordano Bruno's De l'infinito, universo e mondi.
Content[edit] Translations[edit] Reception[edit] Bossuett’s Discourses on Universal History, Plutarch’s Lives. Giovan Battista Nani. Giovan Battista Nani (30 August 1616, Venice – 5 November 1678, Venice), in French Jean Baptiste Felix Gaspard Nani, was a Venetian ambassador, librarian, archivist, amateur botanist and historian, born into a patrician family.[1] For 25 years (1643–68) Battista was the Republic of Venice's ambassador to France, as well as making several diplomatic missions into Germany. He later became Procurator of St Mark's. He wrote a history of the Republic of Venice in his free time, the Historia della Republica Veneta (dal 1613 al 1671), which was translated into French by François Tallemant (1679) and Masclary (1702), and continued by Michele Foscarini and Piero Garzoni.
Nani wrote about the Conspiracy of Spain against the Venetian Republic, set up by the Marquis de Bedmar.[2] The story was used by César Vichard de Saint-Réal in his Conjuration des Espagnols contre la République de Venise en l'année M. Works[edit] Nani, Giovan Battista (1720). Notes[edit] Sources[edit] Francis of Assisi. Italian Catholic saint, friar, deacon and preacher and founder of the Franciscan Order (1181/2–1226) Francis of Assisi (born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone; Italian: Francesco d'Assisi; Latin: Franciscus Assisiensis; 1181 or 1182 – 3 October 1226), venerated as Saint Francis of Assisi, also known in his ministry as Francesco, was an Italian Catholic friar, deacon, mystic, and preacher. He founded the men's Order of Friars Minor, the women's Order of St. Clare, the Third Order of St. Francis and the Custody of the Holy Land. Pope Gregory IX canonized Francis on 16 July 1228. Biography[edit] Early life[edit] Indulged by his parents, Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy young man.[8] As a youth, Francesco became a devotee of troubadours and was fascinated with all things Transalpine.[11] He was handsome, witty, gallant, and delighted in fine clothes.
In order to avoid his father's wrath, Francis hid in a cave near San Damiano for about a month. The Friars Minor[edit] Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau Characters. Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm. Friedrich Melchior Baron von Grimm (1769), engraved by John Swaine Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm (26 December 1723 – 19 December 1807) was a German-born French-language journalist, art critic, diplomat and contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers.[2] In 1765 Grimm wrote Poème lyrique, an influential article for the Encyclopédie on lyric and opera librettos.[3][4][5][6][7] Like Christoph Willibald Gluck Grimm became interested in opera reform.
According to Martin Fontius, a German literary theorist, "sooner or later a book entitled The Aesthetic Ideas of Grimm will have to be written. "[8] Early years[edit] Correspondance littéraire[edit] Louise d'Épinay (1726–1783) In 1753, following the example of the abbé Raynal, and with the latter's encouragement, Grim began a literary newsletter with various German sovereigns. The correspondence of Grimm was strictly confidential and was not divulged during his lifetime. Connections[edit] J. Denis Diderot. Denis Diderot (French: [dəni didʁo]) (5 October 1713 – 31 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic and writer. He was a prominent person during the Enlightenment, and is best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
Diderot also contributed to literature, notably with Jacques le fataliste et son maître (Jacques the Fatalist and his Master), which emulated Laurence Sterne in challenging conventions regarding novels and their structure and content,[citation needed] while also examining philosophical ideas about free will. Diderot is also known as the author of the dialogue Le Neveu de Rameau (Rameau's Nephew), upon which many articles and sermons about consumer desire have been based. Biography[edit] Denis Diderot was born in Langres, Champagne, and began his formal education at a Jesuit collège in Langres. Diderot had affairs with the writer Madeleine de Puisieux and with Sophie Volland (1716–1784). Louise d'Épinay. Early life[edit] Louise d'Épinay was born at the fortress of Valenciennes, where her father, Tardieu d'Esclavelles, a brigadier of infantry, was commanding officer. After her father was killed in battle when she was ten, she was sent to Paris in the care of an aunt who was married to Louis-Denis de La Live de Bellegarde, an immensely wealthy fermier-général, a collector-general of taxes; treated to the stultifying education that was a girl's lot, in 1745 she married her cousin Denis Joseph de La Live d'Épinay,[3] who was made a fermier-général.[4] The marriage was at once an unhappy one; and the prodigality, dissipation and infidelities of her husband justified her in obtaining a formal separation of assets[5] in May 1749.
She settled in the Château of La Chevrette in the valley of Montmorency, a few miles north of Paris, and there received a number of distinguished visitors. Liaisons[edit] L'Histoire de Madame de Montbrillant[edit] Other works[edit] Issue[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] Sophie d'Houdetot. A contemporary portrait of the Countess of Houdetot Elisabeth Françoise Sophie Lalive de Bellegarde, Comtesse d'Houdetot (18 December 1730 – 28 January 1813) was a French noblewoman. She is remembered primarily for the brief but intense love she inspired in Jean-Jacques Rousseau in 1757, but she was also for fifty years in a relationship with the poet and academician Jean François de Saint-Lambert. Background[edit] Daughter of the unwealthy tax-collector Louis de Robertier Denis Lalive de Bellegarde and his wife Marie Dickx Josèphe Prouveur, Sophie married Claude Constant César, Comte d' Houdetot, an army brigadier, at the Saint-Roch church in Paris on 28 February 1748.
She was presented at court, an honor reserved for ladies of a certain nobility and social distinction. Her acquaintances praised Sophie d'Houdetot for her generosity and intelligence rather than for her beauty. Rousseau Gomez gave this description of her in his Confessions: Relationship with Rousseau[edit] Later life[edit] Pierre-Maurice Masson. Pour les personnes ayant le même patronyme, voir Masson. Pierre-Maurice Masson (1879-1916) est un universitaire français, spécialiste de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Il est tué le 16 avril 1916 pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Biographie[modifier | modifier le code] Filiation[modifier | modifier le code] École Saint-Sigisbert à Nancy, vers 1900. Pierre Alexandre Maurice Masson naît à Metz le 4 octobre 1879 pendant l'annexion allemande.
Il est le fils de Pierre Eugène Masson et de Marie Élisabeth Lacour, domiciliés au n° 6, de l'avenue de la Garenne à Nancy (en 1899)[1]. Formation[modifier | modifier le code] Il est élève de l'institution Saint-Sigisbert à Nancy, puis du lycée parisien Louis-le-Grand (internat du foyer Bossuet) en rhétorique supérieure. Gustave Lanson, Comœdia, 2 mars 1924. En 1903, il est reçu à l'agrégation des lettres. Mariage[modifier | modifier le code] Le 6 juillet 1906, à Paris (VIe arr.), il épouse Marie Adèle Marguerite Zeiller[4]. La Religion de J. Émile Faguet. Auguste Émile Faguet (French pronunciation: [emil faɡɛ]; 17 December 1847 – 7 June 1916) was a French author and literary critic.[1][2] Biography[edit] Faguet was born at La Roche-sur-Yon, Vendée, and educated at the École normale supérieure in Paris.
After teaching for some time in La Rochelle and Bordeaux, he returned to Paris to act as assistant professor of poetry in the university. He became professor in 1897. He was elected to the Académie française in 1900, and received the ribbon of the Légion d'honneur in the next year.[3] Works[edit] In English translation Selected articles Miscellany See also[edit] Francisque Sarcey References[edit] ^ Kitchin, William P.H. (1917).
Further reading[edit] External links[edit] Jules Lemaître. François Élie Jules Lemaître (27 April 1853 – 4 August 1914) was a French critic and dramatist. Biography[edit] Lemaître was born in Vennecy, Loiret. He became a professor at the University of Grenoble in 1883, but was already well known for his literary criticism, and in 1884 he resigned his position to devote his time to literature. He succeeded Jean-Jacques Weiss as drama critic of the Journal des Débats, and subsequently filled the same office on the Revue des Deux Mondes. Lemaître's sketches of modern authors show great insight and unexpected judgment as well as gaiety and originality of expression. Lemaître conducted a nationalist campaign in the Écho de Paris, and was for some time president of the Ligue de la Patrie Française.
Lemaître resigned from the Ligue de la Patrie Française 1904, and dedicated the rest of his life to writing. Publications[edit] Non-fiction Theater Poetry Les Médaillons (1880).Petites Orientales (1883). Miscellaneous Sérénus, Histoire d'un Martyr. Sources[edit] Emile, or On Education. Teresa of Ávila. Religious experience. William Wordsworth. Stendhal. Thomas De Quincey. Giacomo Casanova. Vittorio Alfieri. Thérèse Levasseur. Augustine of Hippo. Confessions. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Autobiography. Peter the Hermit. Peter the Hermit. Augustus Edwin John | Flute Player (Circa 1940) | MutualArt. The Confessions of Jean Jacques Rousseau, by Jean Jacques Rousseau. Www.britannica. 194. Tete-a-tete. Tête-à-tête.
Tête-à-tête | Definition of Tête-à-tête by Merriam-Webster. Samuel von Pufendorf. The Spectator Book of Wit, Humour and Mischief - Marcus Berkmann. The Spectator. Samuel von Pufendorf. Pufendorf. François de La Rochefoucauld. La rochefoucauld.