Puruṣārtha. In Hinduism, puruṣārtha (Sanskrit पुरुषार्थ: "that which is sought by man; human purpose, aim, or end") refers to a goal, end or aim of human existence.[1] There are generally considered to be four such puruṣārthas, namely Dharma: "righteousness"Artha: "prosperity"Kāma: "lust"Mokṣa: "(spiritual) liberation" Each of these four canonical puruṣārthas was subjected to a process of examination and elaboration which produced several key works in the history of Indian philosophy, including the Kamasutra of Vātsyāyana (treating kāma, particularly as "sexual gratification"), the Arthashastra of Kauṭilya (treating artha as "material pursuits"), the Dharmaśāstras of various authors, most notably Manu (treating dharma as "religious, social and personal ethics") and the principle sūtras of the six orthodox schools of philosophy or darśanas, all of which are principally concerned with the attainment of mokṣa, often referred to as the parama-puruṣārtha or "chief end of human life".[2]
Mathura. Mathura ( According to Hindu scriptures Mathura is the birthplace of the deity Lord Krishna at the centre of Braj or Brij-bhoomi, called Shri Krishna Janma-Bhoomi, literally: 'Lord Krishna's birthplace'. [citation needed] The Keshav Dev Temple was built in ancient times on the site of Krishna's legendary birthplace (an underground prison). According to the Mahabharata and Bhagavata Purana epics, Mathura was the capital of the Surasena Kingdom, ruled by Kansa the maternal uncle of Shri Krishna. History[edit] Ancient Indian (Bharata) cities and Places (Title and location names are in English.) Mathura has an ancient history. In the 6th century BCE Mathura became the capital of the Surasena mahajanapada.[1] The city was later ruled by the Maurya empire (4th to 2nd centuries BCE) and the Sunga dynasty (2nd century BCE).
Mathuran art and culture reached its zenith under the Kushan dynasty which had Mathura as one of their capitals, the other being Purushapura (Peshawar). Geography[edit] Air[edit] Historical Maps of Asia by John C. Huntington. Saṃskāra. The Samskaras (Sanskrit: संस्कार saṃskāra) are rites of passage finding varied acceptance among religious adherents of Hinduism (Vedic), Jainism and some schools of thought in Buddhism. Sanskār is also a commonly used Hindi pronunciation of the word and signifies "cultural heritage and upbringing" in modern speech.
Samskaram is the proper and commonly used word that would be universally understood and refers to someone having proper upbringing and behaviour. Hinduism[edit] The samskāra (sanskaar) are a series of sacraments, sacrifices and rituals that serve as rites of passage and mark the various stages of the human life and to signify entry to a particular Ashrama (i.e. stage of life). The 16 Samskaras[edit] Most Brahmins communities used to follow complex rituals in connection with major events in their lives, such as pregnancy, childbirth, education, marriage, and death. Garbhadhana[edit] Garbhadhana (IAST: Garbhādāna) (literally, gifting the womb), is the act of conception. [edit] Pali. Satavahana dynasty. The Śātavāhana Empire (Telugu: శాతవాహన సామ్రాజ్యము, Śātavāhana Sāmrājyaṁ ? , Maharashtri: सालवाहण, Sālavāhaṇa[3]) was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra.
The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted about 450 years, until around 220 CE. The Satavahanas are credited for establishing peace in the country, resisting the onslaught of foreigners after the decline of Mauryan Empire. Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with its decline. They had to compete with the Sungas and then the Kanvas of Magadha to establish their rule. Origins[edit] The Sātavāhanas ruled a large and powerful empire that withstood the onslaughts from Central Asia. The Sātavāhanas began as feudatories to the Mauryan Empire.
Kharosthi alphabet. Origin The Kharosthi alphabet was invented sometime during the 3rd century BC and was possibly derived from the Aramaic alphabet. It was widely used in northwest India and central Asia until the 4th century AD. Unlike the Brahmi script, which was invented at around the same time and spawned many of the modern scripts of India and South East Asia, Kharosthi had no descendants. Kharoshti was deciphered by James Prinsep and others around the middle of the 19th century.
Notable features Kharosthi is a syllabic alphabet - each letter has an inherent vowel /a/. Used to write: Gandhari and Sanskrit Kharosthi alphabet Consonants Sample text Links Kharosthi information (includes free Kharosthi font) Kharosthi Unicode proposal submitted by Andrew Glass, Stefan Baums, and Richard Salomon - the above script chart and text sample is based on this Writing system used to write Sanskrit. Varna (Hinduism) Varna is the term for the four broad ranks into which traditional Hindu society is divided.
The four varnas are: the Brahmins: priests and scholars.the Kshatriyas: kings, governors, warriors and soldiers.the Vaishyas: cattle herders, agriculturists, artisans[1] and merchants.[2]the Shudras: labourers and service providers. This quadruple division is the ancient division of society into "principal castes"; it is not to be confused with the much finer caste system in India based on occupation as it emerged in the medieval period.[3] Varna is a Sanskrit term varṇa (वर्ण). It is derived from the root vṛ, meaning "to cover, to envelop" (compare vṛtra). The meaning of the word as used in the Rigveda has the literal meaning "outward appearance, exterior, form, figure, shape, colour" besides the figurative "colour, race, kind, sort, character, quality, property". 11.
What do they call his mouth, his arms? 12. His thighs became the Vaisya, from his feet the Sudra was produced. Internet Sacred Text Archive Home. Āstika and nāstika. Āstika (Sanskrit: आस्तिक āstika; "it exists") and Nāstika (नास्तिक, nāstika; "it doesn't exist") are technical terms in Hinduism used to classify philosophical schools and persons, according to whether they accept the authority of the Vedas as supreme revealed scriptures, or not, respectively.[1] By this definition, Nyāyá, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedānta are classified as āstika schools; and some schools like Cārvāka, Ājīvika, Jainism and Buddhism are considered nāstika.[2] The distinction is similar to the orthodox/heterodox distinction in the West. In non-technical usage, the term āstika is sometimes loosely translated as "theist", while nāstika is translated as "atheist".[3] However, this interpretation is distinct from the use of the term in Hindu philosophy.
Notably even among the āstika schools, Sāṃkhya is an atheistic philosophy.[4] The different usages of these terms are explained by Chatterjee and Datta as follows: Etymology[edit] Classification of schools[edit] Category:Sanskrit words and phrases. Kharosthi. Kharoṣṭhī manuscript from the kingdom of Shanshan A tablet containing Kharoshti Manuscript Form[edit] Kharoṣṭhī is mostly written right to left (type A), but some inscriptions (type B) already show the left to right direction that was to become universal for the later South Asian scripts. Each syllable includes the short a sound by default, with other vowels being indicated by diacritic marks.
Recent epigraphical evidence highlighted by Professor Richard Salomon of the University of Washington has shown that the order of letters in the Kharoṣṭhī script follows what has become known as the Arapacana Alphabet. A ra pa ca na la da ba ḍa ṣa va ta ya ṣṭa ka sa ma ga stha ja śva dha śa kha kṣa sta jñā rtha (or ha) bha cha sma hva tsa gha ṭha ṇa pha ska ysa śca ṭa ḍha Some variations in both the number and order of syllables occur in extant texts.
Kharoṣṭhī includes only one standalone vowel sign which is used for initial vowels in words. Alphabet[edit] Numerals[edit] History[edit] Unicode[edit] Rishi. A view of the upper Ganges area of Rishikesh in the Himalaya. Regarded by tradition as the abode of Vedic rishis. The term Rishi (Sanskrit: ṛṣi, Devanagari: ऋषि) originates from the Vedic period. Rishis were the scribes of the large body of nature hymns and spiritual science known as the Vedas. In popular tradition, it is said that a Rishi never contradicts another Rishi because their knowledge is directly revealed by God. Etymology[edit] According to Indian tradition, the word was derived from the two meanings of the root rsh. Another form of this root means (2) "to flow, to move near by flowing". More than a century ago, Monier-Williams tentatively suggested a derivation from drś "to see".[5] Monier-Wiliams also quotes the Hibernian (Irish) form arsan (a sage, a man old in wisdom) and arrach (old, ancient, aged) as related to rishi.
However, the root has a close Avestan cognate ərəšiš[6] "an ecstatic" (see also Yurodivy, Vates). Other uses[edit] "Seer" of the Vedas[edit] Other uses[edit]