Zeitgeist

Poverty.com - Hunger and World Poverty Leap of faith A leap of faith, in its most commonly used meaning, is the act of believing in or accepting something intangible or unprovable, or without empirical evidence.[1] It is an act commonly associated with religious belief as many religions consider faith to be an essential element of piety. The phrase is commonly attributed to Søren Kierkegaard; however, he himself never used the term, as he referred to a leap as a leap to faith. A leap of faith according to Kierkegaard involves circularity insofar as a leap is made by faith.[2] In his book Concluding Unscientific Postscript, he describes the core part of the leap of faith, the leap. "Thinking can turn toward itself in order to think about itself and skepticism can emerge. The Leap into Sin and into Faith[edit] Kierkegaard describes "the leap" using the famous story of Adam and Eve, particularly Adam's qualitative leap into sin. Lessing said, "accidental truths of history can never become the proof of necessary truths of reason."

German philosophy German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1) philosophy in the German language or (2) philosophy by Germans, has been extremely diverse, and central to both the analytic and continental traditions in philosophy for centuries, from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz through Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein to contemporary philosophers. Søren Kierkegaard (a Danish philosopher) is frequently included in surveys of German (or Germanic) philosophy due to his extensive engagement with German thinkers.[1][2][3][4] 17th century[edit] Leibniz[edit] Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) was both a philosopher and a mathematician who wrote primarily in Latin and French. Leibniz is noted for his optimism - his Théodicée[5] tries to justify the apparent imperfections of the world by claiming that it is optimal among all possible worlds. 18th century[edit] Wolff[edit] Kant[edit] 19th century[edit]

Perspectivism View[edit] People always adopt perspectives by default – whether they are aware of it or not – and the concepts of one's existence are defined by the circumstances surrounding that individual. Truth is made by and for individuals and peoples.[3] This view differs from many types of relativism which consider the truth of a particular proposition as something that altogether cannot be evaluated with respect to an "absolute truth",[citation needed] without taking into consideration culture and context. Interpretation[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ Mautner, Thomas, The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy, page 418Jump up ^ Schacht, Richard, Nietzsche, p 61.Jump up ^ Scott-Kakures, Dion, History of Philosophy, page 346Jump up ^ Schacht, Richard, Nietzsche. External links[edit] La Voluntad de ilusión en Nietzsche; bases del perspectivismo| in Konvergencias

United States Constitution, Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence: United for Human Rights United States Declaration of Independence (1776) In 1776, Thomas Jefferson penned the American Declaration of Independence. On July 4, 1776, the United States Congress approved the Declaration of Independence. Its primary author, Thomas Jefferson, wrote the Declaration as a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and as a statement announcing that the thirteen American Colonies were no longer a part of the British Empire. Philosophically, the Declaration stressed two themes: individual rights and the right of revolution. The Constitution of the United States of America (1787) and Bill of Rights (1791) The Bill of Rights of the US Constitution protects basic freedoms of United States citizens. The Bill of Rights protects freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to keep and bear arms, the freedom of assembly and the freedom to petition.

Calculus ratiocinator The Calculus Ratiocinator is a theoretical universal logical calculation framework, a concept described in the writings of Gottfried Leibniz, usually paired with his more frequently mentioned characteristica universalis, a universal conceptual language. Two views[edit] There are two contrasting points of view on what Leibniz meant by calculus ratiocinator. The first is associated with computer software, the second is associated with computer hardware. The analytic view[edit] The received point of view in analytic philosophy and formal logic, is that the calculus ratiocinator anticipates mathematical logic — an "algebra of logic".[1] The analytic point of view understands that the calculus ratiocinator is a formal inference engine or computer program which can be designed so as to grant primacy to calculations. The synthetic view[edit] A contrasting point of view stems from synthetic philosophy and fields such as cybernetics, electronic engineering and general systems theory. Notes[edit]

Aesthetics Branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste Aesthetics studies natural and artificial sources of experiences and how people form a judgment about those sources of experience. It considers what happens in our minds when we engage with objects or environments such as viewing visual art, listening to music, reading poetry, experiencing a play, watching a fashion show, movie, sports or exploring various aspects of nature. The philosophy of art specifically studies how artists imagine, create, and perform works of art, as well as how people use, enjoy, and criticize art. Aesthetics considers why people like some works of art and not others, as well as how art can affect our moods and our beliefs.[5] Both aesthetics and the philosophy of art try to find answers to what exactly is art and what makes good art. The term was introduced into the English language by Thomas Carlyle in his Life of Friedrich Schiller (1825).[10] History of aesthetics [edit] Aesthetic universals

Ioan Scotus Eriugena Eriugena. Imagine de pe o bancnotă irlandeză Ioan Scotus Eriugena (815-877) sau Ioan Scottus Eriugena este considerat primul mare gânditor scolastic. Importanța și caracterul inedit al operei lui Eriugena stau în cunoașterea și efortul remarcabil de a introduce în lumea creștină scrierile areopagitice. Viața[modificare | modificare sursă] Numele lui arată locul de proveniență. În jurul anului 851 sosește la Paris, trăind o perioadă în Franța, la curtea lui Carol cel Pleșuv, inițial ca profesor de gramatică și dialectică, aceasta fiind perioada sa activă și, de altfel, cea mai cunoscută. La Paris devine foarte prețuit pentru înțelepciunea sa, celebritatea având a i se dovedi însă nefastă. Prudentius de Troyes, atacatorul său, se pronunță și împotriva episcopului Hincmar, care nu mai recunoaște că îl îndemnase pe Eriugena să scrie tratatul cu pricina. Opera[modificare | modificare sursă] Eriugena a scris foarte mult, lista scrierilor sale conținând și titluri cu autenticitate incertă. 1. 2.

This edible water blob could replace plastic bottles What's one solution to the growing problem of plastic water bottle waste? A trio of Spanish design students think they have the answer, and it involves creating a "water bottle" that you can eat, reports Co.Exist. Designers Rodrigo García González, Guillaume Couche and Pierre Paslier call their creation "Ooho," a gelatinous blob that is actually a membrane that encapsulates water like a bladder. When you're thirsty, just puncture the membrane and drink. Or, if you also have an appetite, just pop a bite-sized Ooho in your mouth and chomp down for a burst of hydration. The Ooho globule is formed through a process called "spherification," a methodology first pioneered in 1946 and still utilized by some chefs in modern cuisine. "Anyone can make them in their kitchen, modifying and innovating the recipe," said co-designer García. Similar products have already made it to the market; an edible food delivery system called WikiPearl is available at select Whole Foods markets. Related on MNN:

Analytic geometry Cartesian coordinates Analytic geometry, or analytical geometry, has two different meanings in mathematics. The modern and advanced meaning refers to the geometry of analytic varieties. This article focuses on the classical and elementary meaning. In classical mathematics, analytic geometry, also known as coordinate geometry, or Cartesian geometry, is the study of geometry using a coordinate system. Analytic geometry is widely used in physics and engineering, and is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete, and computational geometry. History[edit] The eleventh century Persian mathematician Omar Khayyám saw a strong relationship between geometry and algebra, and was moving in the right direction when he helped to close the gap between numerical and geometric algebra[4] with his geometric solution of the general cubic equations,[5] but the decisive step came later with Descartes.[4] Basic principles[edit] Coordinates[edit] . -axis. and . for

Arthur Schopenhauer German philosopher (1788–1860) Life[edit] Early life[edit] In 1797, Arthur was sent to Le Havre to live with the family of his father's business associate, Grégoire de Blésimaire. In 1803, he accompanied his parents on a European tour of Holland, Britain, France, Switzerland, Austria and Prussia. Heinrich offered Arthur a choice: he could stay at home and start preparations for university, or he could travel with them and continue his merchant education. In 1805, Heinrich drowned in a canal near their home in Hamburg. Arthur showed similar moodiness during his youth and often acknowledged that he inherited it from his father. Arthur spent two years as a merchant in honor of his dead father. His mother moved away, with her daughter Adele, to Weimar—then the centre of German literature—to enjoy social life among writers and artists. Arthur moved to Hamburg to live with his friend Jean Anthime, who was also studying to become a merchant. Education[edit] Early work[edit] Later life[edit]

Integral theory Integral theory, a philosophy with origins in the work of Sri Aurobindo and Jean Gebser, and promoted by Ken Wilber, seeks a synthesis of the best of pre-modern, modern, and postmodern reality.[1] It is portrayed as a "theory of everything,"[2] and offers an approach "to draw together an already existing number of separate paradigms into an interrelated network of approaches that are mutually enriching."[1] It has been applied by scholar-practitioners in 35 distinct academic and professional domains as varied as organizational management and art.[1] Methodologies[edit] AQAL, pronounced "ah-qwul," is a widely used framework in Integral Theory. Sri Aurobindo, Jean Gebser, and Ken Wilber, have all made significant theoretical contributions to integral theory. In his book The Ever-Present Origin, Swiss phenomenologist Jean Gebser distinguished between five structures of consciousness: archaic, magic, mythical, mental, and integral. AQAL Theory – Lines. Principles and Properties: Themes[edit] H.

Rent or Buy? The Math Is Changing Photo Billy Gasparino and Jenna Dillon-Gasparino were savvy enough to wait out the housing boom of a decade ago as renters. Not until 2010, well into the bust, did they buy a house in the Venice neighborhood of Los Angeles, less than a mile from the beach, for $810,000. Only four years later, the couple see new signs of excess in the housing market and have decided to go back to renting. They are close to a deal to sell their house – for $1.35 million, a cool 67 percent gain. “It just seems like the housing market came back so strongly, so fast, that maybe there’s a little bit of a bubble there,” said Mr. Their decision reflects a new reality in many of the nation’s largest metropolitan areas. Continue reading the main story The Times also created an online calculator that enables prospective buyers and renters to analyze their own decision. “A lot of these coastal markets look overvalued compared to rents,” said Mark Zandi, the chief economist at Moody’s Analytics.

Eternalism (philosophy of time) Conventionally, time is divided into three distinct regions; the "past", the "present", and the "future". Using that representational model, the past is generally seen as being immutably fixed, and the future as undefined and nebulous. As time passes, the moment that was once the present becomes part of the past; and part of the future, in turn, becomes the new present. In this way time is said to pass, with a distinct present moment "moving" forward into the future and leaving the past behind. This conventional model presents a number of difficult philosophical problems, and seems difficult to reconcile with currently accepted scientific theories such as the theory of relativity. Many philosophers have argued that relativity implies eternalism.[3] Although he disagrees in a qualified sense, philosopher of science, Dean Rickles, notes that "the consensus among philosophers seems to be that special and general relativity are incompatible with presentism The philosopher Katherin A. Notes