Renaissance The Renaissance (UK /rɨˈneɪsəns/, US /ˈrɛnɨsɑːns/, French pronunciation: [ʁənɛsɑ̃s], from French: Renaissance "re-birth", Italian: Rinascimento, from rinascere "to be reborn")[1] was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Though availability of paper and the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe. In politics, the Renaissance contributed the development of the conventions of diplomacy, and in science an increased reliance on observation. The word Renaissance, whose literal translation from French into English is "Rebirth", appears in English writing from the 1830s.[15] The word occurs in Jules Michelet's 1855 work, Histoire de France. Overview Origins During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand. Black Death/Plague
Martin Luther Martin Luther OSA (German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( ); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German monk, Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the 16th-century movement in Christianity known later as the Protestant Reformation.[1] He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with monetary values. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor. Luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternity in heaven is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin and subsequently eternity in Hell. Early life Birth and education Monastic and academic life
Counter-Reformation Great Apostasy Antichristus, a woodcut by Lucas Cranach of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler The Great Apostasy is a term used by some religious groups to describe a perceived fallen state of traditional Christianity, especially the Roman Catholic Church, because they claim it allowed the traditional Greco-Roman mysteries and deities of solar monism such as Mithras and Sol Invictus and idol worship into the church. In short, in their opinion, the church has fallen into apostasy.[1][2] They feel that to attract the pagans to nominal Christianity, the Catholic Church took measures to amalgamate the Christian and pagan festivals [3] so pagans would join the church; for example, bringing in the pagan festival of Easter as a substitute for the Pasch or Passover, although neither Jesus nor his Apostles enjoined the keeping of this or any other festival.[4][5] Overview[edit] Some modern scholars[who?] Protestant views[edit] Reformed perspective[edit]
Protestantism In the 16th century, the followers of Martin Luther established the Lutheran churches of Germany and Scandinavia. Reformed churches in Hungary, Scotland, Switzerland and France were established by other reformers such as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. The Church of England declared independence from papal authority in 1534, and was influenced by some Reformation principles, notably during the reign of Edward VI. There were also reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation which gave rise to the Anabaptist, Moravian, and other pietistic movements. Protestants generally may be divided among four basic groups: The "mainline" churches with direct roots in the Protestant reformers; the Radical Reform movement emphasizing adult baptism; nontrinitarian churches; and the Restorationist movements of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Etymology[edit] Fundamental principles[edit] Scripture alone Justification by faith alone Theology[edit]
Reformation Constantinian shift Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Raphael, Vatican Rooms. The artist depicted the troops of Constantine bearing the labarum. Constantinian shift is a term used by Anabaptist and Post-Christendom theologians to describe the political and theological aspects of the 4th-century process of Constantine's legalization of Christianity.[1] The term was popularized by the Mennonite theologian John H. Yoder.[2] Historical context[edit] In 313 the Edict of Milan legalised Christianity alongside other religions allowed in the Roman Empire. Towards the end of the century, Bishop Ambrose of Milan made the powerful Emperor Theodosius I (reigned 379–95) do penance for several months after the massacre of Thessalonica (390) before admitting him again to the Eucharist. Theological implications[edit] Critics point to this shift as the beginning of the phenomenon known as Caesaropapism. See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ Clapp, Rodney (1996). Further reading[edit] External links[edit]
Counter-Reformation A copy of the Vulgate (the Latin edition of the Catholic Bible) printed in 1590, after many of the Council's reforms had begun to take place in Catholic worship. The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival[1] or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements: Ecclesiastical or structural reconfigurationReligious ordersSpiritual movementsPolitical dimensions Council of Trent[edit] A session of the Council of Trent, from an engraving. Pope Paul III (1534–1549) initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), a commission of cardinals tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, indulgences, and other financial abuses. Religious orders[edit] Politics: The Netherlands[edit]
Definition- Reformation The Crusades: When Christendom Pushed Back Growing in leaps and bounds, the Caliphate, as the Islamic realm is known, has thus far subdued much of Christendom, conquering the old Christian lands of the Mideast and North Africa in short order. Syria and Iraq fell in 636; Palestine in 638; and Egypt, which was not even an Arab land, fell in 642. North Africa, also not Arab, was under Muslim control by 709. The Moorish leader, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, is supremely confident of success. And this record will remain unblemished. The Gathering Threat in the East While the Hammer saved Gaul, the Muslims would not stop hammering Christendom — and it would be the better part of four centuries before Europe would again hammer back. Ah, the Crusades. Misconceptions about the Crusades are all too common. But what does good history tell us? Christians in the eleventh century were not paranoid fanatics. Christendom Pushes Back So now the year is 1095. Modernity, the Middle Ages, and Myth Yet, in modern times, much cynicism would be born.
Council of Trent The Council in Santa Maria Maggiore church; Museo Diocesano Tridentino, Trento. The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum) was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. It is considered to be one of the Church's most important councils.[1] It convened in Trento, Italy, then the capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Trent of the Holy Roman Empire, between 13 December 1545, and 4 December 1563 in twenty-five sessions for three periods. The Council of Trent, delayed and interrupted several times because of political or religious disagreements, was a major reform council; it was an embodiment of the ideals of the Counter-Reformation.[4] More than 300 years passed until the next Ecumenical Council. Background[edit] Obstacles and events before the Council[edit] Pope Paul III convoked the Council of Trent A General, Free Council in Germany[edit] Occasion, sessions, and attendance[edit] However, the council was delayed until 1545 and, as it happened, convened right before Luther's death.
Definition- Counter-Reformatin History of Calvinist–Arminian debate - Wikipedia, the free encyc The history of the Calvinist–Arminian debate, a theological dispute originally amongst Dutch Protestants, dates back to the early 17th century. Its points remain at issue as the basis of current disagreements amongst some Protestants, particularly evangelicals. These debates go back in some form to Augustine of Hippo's battle with the Pelagians in the 5th century on theological cornerstones of soteriology, including depravity, predestination, and atonement. Quinquarticular Controversy[edit] The Quinquarticular Controversy is a term used to refer to the purely theological Calvinist–Arminian clashes of the period 1609 to 1618, a time in which the debate had serious political overtones in the Netherlands. The Controversy marked the transformation of the Arminian movement into a separate, persecuted church organization in the Netherlands. Theological background[edit] Augustine and Pelagius[edit] Semi-Pelagianism and Semi-Augustinianism[edit] Middle Ages[edit]