1921 Council on Foreign Relations The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American nonprofit, nonpartisan membership organization, publisher, and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs. The CFR is considered to be the nation's "most influential foreign-policy think tank".[1] Its membership has included senior politicians, more than a dozen Secretaries of State, CIA directors, bankers, lawyers, professors, and senior media figures. The CFR regularly convenes meetings at which government officials, global business leaders and prominent members of the intelligence/foreign-policy community discuss major international issues. The CFR was founded in 1921 and is headquartered in New York City, with an additional office in Washington, D.C.. History[edit] Origins[edit] Elihu Root, a powerful corporate lawyer who served as Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and U.S. Cold War era[edit] Dwight D. Vietnam created a rift within the organization. Current status[edit] Mission[edit] Membership[edit]
1973 Trilateral Commission The Trilateral Commission is a non-governmental, non-partisan discussion group founded by David Rockefeller[1] in July 1973, to foster closer cooperation among North America, Western Europe, and Japan. History[edit] Founding[edit] Sensing a profound discord among the nations of North America, Europe and Japan, the Trilateral Commission was founded to foster substantive political and economic dialogue across the world. To quote its founding declaration: "Growing interdependence is a fact of life of the contemporary world. Zbigniew Brzezinski, United States National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981, and a professor at Columbia University and Rockefeller advisor who was a specialist on international affairs, left his post at the time to organize the group along with:[3] Henry D. Other founding members included Alan Greenspan and Paul Volcker, both later heads of the Federal Reserve system. Meetings[edit] Membership[edit] Criticisms[edit] From the left[edit]
Declaration by United Nations The Declaration by United Nations was a World War II document agreed on 1 January 1942 during the Arcadia Conference by 26 governments: the Allied "Big Four" (the US, the UK, the USSR, and China), nine American allies in Central America and the Caribbean, the four British Dominions, British India, and eight Allied governments-in-exile, for a total of twenty-six nations. The parties pledged to uphold the Atlantic Charter, to employ all their resources in the war against the Axis powers, and that none of the signatory nations would seek to negotiate a separate peace with Nazi Germany or Japan in the same manner that the nations of the Triple Entente had agreed not to negotiate a separate peace with any or all of the Central Powers in World War I under the Unity Pact. See also[edit] Notes[edit] References[edit]
Five Eyes The "Five Eyes", often abbreviated as "FVEY", refer to an anglophonic alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. These countries are bound by the multilateral UKUSA Agreement - a treaty for joint cooperation in signals intelligence.[1][2][3] The origins of the FVEY can be traced back to World War II, when the Atlantic Charter was issued by the Allies to lay out their goals for a post-war world. During the course of the Cold War, the ECHELON surveillance system was initially developed by the FVEY to monitor the communications of the former Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, although it was later used to monitor billions of private communications worldwide.[4][5] In the late 1990s, the existence of ECHELON was disclosed to the public, triggering a major debate in the European Parliament and, to a smaller extent, the United States Congress. Overview[edit] History[edit] Origins (1940s–1950s)[edit] Cold War (1950s–1990s)[edit] Five Eyes Nine Eyes
1940 British Security Coordination BSC operated from the 35th and 36th floors of the International Building, Rockefeller Center, New York during World War II British Security Coordination (BSC) was a covert organization set up in New York City by the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) in May 1940 upon the authorization of Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Its cover was the British Passport Control Office. BSC benefitted from support given by the chief of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services, William J. Donovan (whose organization was modelled on British activities), and U.S. Beginnings[edit] As head of the British Security Coordination, William Stephenson has been credited with changing American public opinion from an isolationist stance to a supportive tendency regarding America's entry into World War II.[4] Operation[edit] The BSC was registered by the State Department as a foreign entity. Counter-smuggling and "shipping security"[edit] Notable employees[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] References[edit]
1941 Political Warfare Executive During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries.[1] The Executive was formed in August 1941, reporting to the Foreign Office. The staff came mostly from SO1, which had been until then the propaganda arm of the Special Operations Executive. The organisation was governed by a committee initially comprising Anthony Eden (Foreign Secretary), Brendan Bracken (Minister of Information) and Hugh Dalton (Minister of Economic Warfare), together with officials Rex Leeper, Dallas Brooks and Robert Bruce Lockhart as chairman (and later Director General). Radio stations[edit] Sefton Delmer (1958) After D-Day most of PWE's white propaganda staff transferred to the Psychological Warfare Division (PWD/SHAEF) of SHAEF At the end of World War II PWE were tasked with the re-education of German Prisoners of War.
1994 NAFTA NAFTA GDP - 2012 : IMF - World Economic Outlook Databases (Oct 2013) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; French: Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, ALÉNA; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, TLCAN) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC). In terms of combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members, as of 2007[update] the trade bloc is the largest in the world and second largest by nominal GDP comparison. Negotiation and U.S. ratification[edit] Following diplomatic negotiations dating back to 1986 among the three nations, the leaders met in San Antonio, Texas, on December 17, 1992, to sign NAFTA. Provisions[edit] Intellectual Property[edit] Environment[edit]
Four Freedoms The Four Freedoms were goals articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech (technically the 1941 State of the Union address), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: Roosevelt delivered his speech 11 months before the United States declared war on Japan, December 8, 1941. In that context, he summarized the values of democracy behind the bipartisan consensus on international involvement that existed at the time. Historical context[edit] When World War II began in 1939 with Germany’s invasion of Poland, the United States was still committed to its non-interventionist ideals. The 1939 New York World's Fair had celebrated Four Freedoms: religion, speech, press and assembly. Declarations[edit] The Four Freedoms Speech was given on January 6, 1941. The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following text, known as the Four Freedoms: Notes[edit]
A history of the New World Order — Part II (Part I, in the previous issue, covered the years 1776-1928) 1928 – “The Open Conspiracy: Blue Prints for a World Revolution” by H. G. Wells is published. A former Fabian socialist, Wells writes: “The political world of the Open Conspiracy must weaken, efface, incorporate, and supersede existing governments. The Open Conspiracy is the natural inheritor of socialist and communist enthusiasms; it may be in control of Moscow before it is in control of New York. 1933 – “The Shape of Things to Come” by H. Nov. 21, 1933 – In a letter to Col. March 1942 – An article in “TIME” magazine chronicles the Federal Council of Churches [which later becomes the National Council of Churches, a part of the World Council of Churches] lending its weight to efforts to establish a global authority. June 28, 1945 – U.S. October 24, 1945 – The United Nations Charter becomes effective. 1961 – The U.S. April 1972 – In his keynote address to the Association for Childhood Education International, Chester M.
1960 AUSCANNZUKUS AUSCANNZUKUS History Early in World War II the lack of communications interoperability between Allied Forces became a matter of concern for all nations. During March 1941 the first high-level proposals to formally structure combined operations between the United States and the United Kingdom were considered. These discussions were the genesis of the current Combined Communications Electronics Board (CCEB). The origins of the AUSCANNZUKUS (A-Z) organization arose from dialogue between Admiral Burke, USN, and Admiral Lord Mountbatten, RN, in 1960. 1946 UKUSA Agreement The United Kingdom – United States of America Agreement (UKUSA, /juːkuːˈsɑː/ ew-koo-SAH)[1][2] is a multilateral agreement for cooperation in signals intelligence between the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The alliance of intelligence operations is also known as Five Eyes.[3][4][5][6][7] In classification markings this is abbreviated as FVEY or the countries are listed like AUS, CAN, GBR, NZL, USA.[8] Emerging from an informal agreement related to the 1941 Atlantic Charter, the secret treaty was renewed with the passage of the 1943 BRUSA Agreement, before being officially enacted on 5 March 1946 by the United Kingdom and the United States. Currently, the global surveillance disclosure by Edward Snowden has shown that the intelligence-sharing activities between the First World allies of the Cold War are rapidly shifting into the digital realm of the World Wide Web.[15][16][17] History[edit] Origins (1940s–1950s)[edit] Investigations (1970-90s)[edit]
1943 BRUSA Agreement The 1943 BRUSA Agreement was an agreement between the British and US governments to facilitate co-operation between the US War Department and the British Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS). It followed the Holden Agreement of October 1942. This led to the signing of the 1943 BRUSA Agreement on 17 May, which was a formal agreement to share intelligence information. It covered: the exchange of personneljoint regulations for the handling and distribution of the highly sensitive material The security regulations, procedures and protocols for co-operation formed the basis for all SIGINT activities of both the US National Security Agency and the British GCHQ. See also[edit] References[edit]