Methadone
Opioid medication used for pain; also to treat dependency on opioids Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose among others, is a synthetic opioid agonist used for chronic pain and also for opioid dependence.[5] It is used to treat chronic pain, and it is also used to treat addiction to heroin or other opioids.[8][9] Prescribed for daily use, the medicine relieves cravings and removes withdrawal symptoms.[10] Detoxification using methadone can be accomplished in less than a month, or it may be done gradually over as long as six months.[5] While a single dose has a rapid effect, maximum effect can take up to five days of use.[5] The pain-relieving effects last about six hours after a single dose.[5][11] After long-term use, in people with normal liver function, effects last 8 to 36 hours.[5][7] Methadone is usually taken by mouth and rarely by injection into a muscle or vein.[5] Medical uses[edit] Opioid addiction[edit] Pain[edit] Adverse effects[edit] Physical symptoms
List of fentanyl analogues
This is a list of fentanyl analogues (sometimes referred to as Fentalogs),[1][2][3] including both compounds developed by pharmaceutical companies for legitimate medical use, and those which have been sold as designer drugs and reported to national drug control agencies such as the DEA, or transnational agencies such as the EMCDDA and UNODC.[4][5][6][7][8][9] This is not a comprehensive listing of fentanyl analogues, as more than 1400 compounds from this family have been described in the scientific and patent literature,[10][11][12][13][14] but it includes all notable compounds that have reached late-stage human clinical trials, or which have been identified as having been sold as designer drugs, as well as representative examples of significant structural variations reported in the scientific and patent literature. Chemical structures of various fentanyl analogues[edit] Analogue controls[edit] (a) an acetyl, propionyl, butenoyl or butanoyl radical, attached to the aniline nitrogen atom:
Lisdexamfetamine
CNS stimulant (prodrug) Lisdexamfetamine, sold under the brand name Vyvanse among others, is a stimulant medication that is mainly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people over the age of five as well as moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder in adults.[11] Lisdexamfetamine is taken by mouth. Its effects generally begin within 2 hours and last for up to 14 hours.[11][12] In the United Kingdom, it is usually less preferred than methylphenidate for the treatment of children.[13] Lisdexamfetamine is an inactive prodrug that works after being converted by the body into dextroamphetamine, a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.[11][15] Chemically, lisdexamfetamine is composed of the amino acid L-lysine, attached to dextroamphetamine.[16] Uses[edit] Medical[edit] Part of this section is transcluded from amphetamine. Enhancing performance[edit] Cognitive performance[edit] Physical performance[edit] Available forms[edit] Contraindications[edit] Adverse effects[edit]
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine[note 1] (pronunciation: /ˌmɛθæmˈfɛtəmiːn/; contracted from N-methyl-alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a neurotoxin and potent psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes that is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity. Methamphetamine exists as two enantiomers, dextrorotary and levorotary.[note 2] Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger central nervous system (CNS) stimulant than levomethamphetamine; however, both are addictive and produce the same toxicity symptoms at high doses. Although rarely prescribed due to the potential risks, methamphetamine hydrochloride is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) under the trade name Desoxyn. Recreationally, methamphetamine is used to increase sexual desire, lift the mood, and increase energy, allowing some users to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days straight. Uses Medical Recreational Crystal meth – illicit methamphetamine hydrochloride
Methcathinone
Psychoactive stimulant Methcathinone (α-methylamino-propiophenone or ephedrone) (sometimes called "cat" or "jeff" or "catnip" or "M-Kat" or "kat" or "intash" ) is a monoamine alkaloid and psychoactive stimulant, a substituted cathinone. It is used as a recreational drug due to its potent stimulant and euphoric effects and is considered to be addictive, with both physical and psychological withdrawal occurring if its use is discontinued after prolonged or high-dosage administration.[1] It is usually snorted, but can be smoked, injected, or taken orally. Methcathinone is listed as a Schedule I controlled substance by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances and the United States' Controlled Substances Act, and as such it is not considered to be safe or effective in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention, or cure of any disease, and has no approved medical use. History[edit] Chemistry[edit] Methcathinone possesses a chiral carbon atom, and therefore two enantiomers are possible. Effects[edit]
Methoxetamine
Dissociative drug Methoxetamine, abbreviated as MXE, is a dissociative hallucinogen that has been sold as a designer drug.[3][4] It differs from many dissociatives such as ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP) that were developed as pharmaceutical drugs for use as general anesthetics in that it was designed specifically for recreational use.[4][5] Due to its structural similarity to ketamine, it is no longer produced in sizeable quantities due to near-global bans. It is a rare example of a drug being so widely controlled without having an existing medical use. MXE is an arylcyclohexylamine.[6] It acts mainly as an NMDA receptor antagonist, similarly to other arylcyclohexylamines like ketamine and PCP.[6] Recreational use[edit] Effects[edit] Pharmacology[edit] Pharmacodynamics[edit] Pharmacokinetics[edit] MXE has a longer duration of action than that of ketamine.[17] Chemistry[edit] Methoxetamine and related arylcyclohexylamines. MXE hydrochloride is soluble in ethanol up to 10 mg/ml at 25 °C.[18] Utah
Levorphanol
Chemical compound Levorphanol (brand name Levo-Dromoran) is an opioid medication used to treat moderate to severe pain.[1][2][3] It is one of two enantiomers of the compound racemorphan. It was first described in Germany in 1946.[4] The drug has been in medical use in the United States since 1953.[5] Pharmacology[edit] Levorphanol acts predominantly as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), but is also an agonist of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR), κ-opioid receptor (KOR), and the nociceptin receptor (NOP), as well as an NMDA receptor antagonist and a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).[5] Levorphanol, similarly to certain other opioids, also acts as a glycine receptor antagonist and GABA receptor antagonist at very high concentrations.[6] Levorphanol is 6 to 8 times as potent as morphine at the MOR.[citation needed] Chemistry[edit] Levorphanol and its stereoisomer dextrorphan, the enantiomers of the racemic mixture racemorphan. Society and culture[edit] Name[edit]
5-Methoxymethylone
Chemical compound of the cathinone class Legal Status[edit] 5-Methoxymethylone is listed as an illegal drug under the name 2-A1MP in Hungary.[5] See also[edit] References[edit]
