Methamphetamine Methamphetamine[note 1] (pronunciation: /ˌmɛθæmˈfɛtəmiːn/; contracted from N-methyl-alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a neurotoxin and potent psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes that is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity. Methamphetamine exists as two enantiomers, dextrorotary and levorotary.[note 2] Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger central nervous system (CNS) stimulant than levomethamphetamine; however, both are addictive and produce the same toxicity symptoms at high doses. Although rarely prescribed due to the potential risks, methamphetamine hydrochloride is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) under the trade name Desoxyn. Recreationally, methamphetamine is used to increase sexual desire, lift the mood, and increase energy, allowing some users to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days straight. Uses Medical Recreational Crystal meth – illicit methamphetamine hydrochloride
Dopamine agonist Compound that activates dopamine receptors A dopamine agonist (DA) is a compound that activates dopamine receptors. There are two families of dopamine receptors, D2-like and D1-like, and they are all G protein-coupled receptors. D1- and D5-receptors belong to the D1-like family and the D2-like family includes D2, D3 and D4 receptors.[1] Dopamine agonists are primarily used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to a lesser extent, in hyperprolactinemia and restless legs syndrome.[2] They are also used off-label in the treatment of clinical depression. The use of dopamine agonists is associated with impulse control disorders and dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS).[3] Medical uses[edit] Parkinson's disease[edit] There are two fundamental ways of treating Parkinson's disease, either by replacing dopamine or mimicking its effect.[1] Treatment of depression in Parkinson's patients[edit] Hyperprolactinemia[edit] Restless leg syndrome[edit] Adverse effects[edit] Side effects[edit]
Mitragyna speciosa Plant species, recreational drug (kratom) Mitragyna speciosa (commonly known as kratom[3]) is a tropical evergreen tree in the coffee family native to Southeast Asia. It is indigenous to Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea,[4] where it has been used in herbal medicine since at least the nineteenth century.[5] Kratom has opioid properties and some stimulant-like effects.[6][7] As of 2018[update], the efficacy and safety of kratom are unclear, and the drug was unapproved as a therapeutic agent due to the poor quality of the research.[8][9] In 2019, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated that there is no evidence that kratom is safe or effective for treating any condition.[10] Some people take it for managing chronic pain, for treating opioid withdrawal symptoms, or for recreational purposes.[4][8] The onset of effects typically begins within five to ten minutes and lasts for two to five hours.[4] Description[edit] Kratom flowers and foliage
Understand - a novelette by Ted Chiang I 'm in the middle of retouching a holograph when the phone rings. I waver between the phone and the console, and reluctantly opt for the phone. I'd normally have the answering machine take any calls when I'm editing, but I need to let people know I'm working again. I lost a lot of business when I was in the hospital: one of the risks of being a freelancer. I touch the phone and say, "Greco Holographics, Leon Greco speaking." "Hey Leon, it's Jerry." "Hi Jerry. "You interested in seeing a movie tonight? "Tonight? "What's that?" "It's called . "Is this some kind of Shakespearean soliloquy?" Too much: with that lighting, the outer edges will be too bright. "I didn't know you were such a fan of poetry." After checking all the numbers once more, I let the computer recalculate the interference pattern. "Thanks, but I think we'll stick with the movie." "Okay, you guys have fun. Suddenly it occurs to me what's just happened. Will the surprises never end? T he Neurologist-in-Chief, Dr. "Yes. I nod.
James Gross James J. Gross is a psychologist best known for his research in emotion and emotion regulation. He is a professor at Stanford University and the director of the Stanford Psychophysiology Laboratory. [1] Education[edit] Gross received his B.A. in philosophy from Yale University in 1987. Work in psychology[edit] Gross' contributions to psychology lie primarily in the area of emotion regulation through psychophysiological research. Awards and fellowships[edit] James Gross has been the recipient of numerous academic awards from psychological and educational associations: References[edit] External links[edit] James Gross's homepage Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl Chemical compound Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl is a rearrangement product of 7-hydroxymitragynine.[1] It is an analgesic being more potent than morphine.[2][3] Pharmacology[edit] Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl is a μ opioid receptor agonist and δ opioid receptor antagonist and acts as a G protein biased agonist at μ opioid receptors and possesses a favourable side effect profile compared to conventional opioids.[4] See also[edit] Mitraphylline References[edit]
Marginal utility Marginality[edit] The term marginal refers to a small change, starting from some baseline level. As Philip Wicksteed explained the term, "Marginal considerations are considerations which concern a slight increase or diminution of the stock of anything which we possess or are considering"[2] In practice the smallest relevant division may be quite large. Sometimes economic analysis concerns the marginal values associated with a change of one unit of a discrete good or service, such as a motor vehicle or a haircut. Utility[edit] Depending on which theory of utility is used, the interpretation of marginal utility can be meaningful or not. Contemporary mainstream economic theory frequently defers metaphysical questions, and merely notes or assumes that preference structures conforming to certain rules can be usefully proxied by associating goods, services, or their uses with quantities, and defines "utility" as such a quantification.[5] Diminishing marginal utility[edit] Marginalist theory[edit]
David Marr (neuroscientist) British neuroscientist and psychologist Biography[edit] Born in Woodford, Essex, and educated at Rugby School; he was admitted at Trinity College, Cambridge on 1 October 1963 (having been awarded an Open Scholarship and the Lees Knowles Rugby Exhibition). Work[edit] Theories of cerebellum, hippocampus, and neocortex[edit] Marr is best known for his work on vision, but before he began work on that topic he published three seminal papers proposing computational theories of the cerebellum (in 1969), neocortex (in 1970), and hippocampus (in 1971). Levels of analysis[edit] Stages of vision[edit] See also[edit] Publications[edit] References[edit] Further reading[edit] External links[edit] Extensive online biography Methylone Group of stereoisomers Methylone (also known as "3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone", "MDMC", "βk-MDMA" and by the slang term "M1") is an empathogen and stimulant psychoactive drug. It is a member of the substituted amphetamine, substituted cathinone and substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine classes. Methylone is the substituted cathinone analog of MDMA and the 3,4-methylenedioxy analog of methcathinone. The only structural difference of methylone with respect to MDMA is the substitution of 2 hydrogen atoms by 1 oxygen atom in the β position of the phenethylamine core, forming a ketone group.[2] Methylone was first synthesized by the chemists Peyton Jacob III and Alexander Shulgin in 1996 for potential use as an antidepressant.[3] Methylone has been sold for recreational use, taking advantage of the absence of legal prohibition of this compound in many countries[citation needed]. Effects[edit] Resemblance to MDMA[edit] Pharmacology[edit] Pharmacodynamics[edit] Pharmacokinetics[edit] Texas: