Baruch Spinoza Biography[edit] Family and community origins[edit] Spinoza's ancestors were of Sephardic Jewish descent, and were a part of the community of Portuguese Jews that had settled in the city of Amsterdam in the wake of the Alhambra Decree in Spain (1492) and the Portuguese Inquisition (1536), which had resulted in forced conversions and expulsions from the Iberian peninsula.[11] Attracted by the Decree of Toleration issued in 1579 by the Union of Utrecht, Portuguese "conversos" first sailed to Amsterdam in 1593 and promptly reconverted to Judaism.[12] In 1598 permission was granted to build a synagogue, and in 1615 an ordinance for the admission and government of the Jews was passed.[13] As a community of exiles, the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam were highly proud of their identity.[13] Spinoza's father, Miguel (Michael), and his uncle, Manuel, then moved to Amsterdam where they resumed the practice of Judaism. 17th-century Holland[edit] Early life[edit] Expulsion from the Jewish community[edit]
Murray's system of needs Part of Henry Murray's theory of personality In 1938, Henry Murray developed a system of needs as part of his theory of personality, which he named personology. He argued that everyone had a set of universal basic needs, with individual differences on these needs leading to the uniqueness of personality through varying dispositional tendencies for each need; in other words, specific needs are more important to some than to others. In his theory, Murray argues that needs and presses (another component of the theory) acted together to create an internal state of disequilibrium; the individual is then driven to engage in some sort of behavior to reduce the tension. Murray believed that the study of personality should look at the entire person over the course of their lifespan – that people needed to be analysed in terms of complex interactions and whole systems rather than individual parts – and an individual's behaviors, needs and their levels, etc. are all part of that understanding.
Witold Pilecki Witold Pilecki (13 May 1901 – 25 May 1948; Polish pronunciation: [ˈvitɔlt piˈlɛt͡skʲi]; codenames Roman Jezierski, Tomasz Serafiński, Druh, Witold) was a Polish soldier of the Polish (cavalry officer) during the Second Polish Republic, the founder of the Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska) resistance group in German-occupied Poland in November 1939 and a member of the underground Home Army (Armia Krajowa), which was formed in February 1942. As the author of Witold's Report, the first intelligence report on Auschwitz concentration camp, Pilecki enabled the Polish government-in-exile to convince the Allies that the Holocaust was taking place. During World War II, he volunteered for a Polish resistance operation to get imprisoned at Auschwitz in order to gather intelligence and escape. Early life[edit] World War II[edit] Auschwitz[edit] Auschwitz concentration camp photos of Pilecki (1941) Outside the camp[edit] Warsaw Uprising[edit] Communist Poland[edit]
Affection Un baiser peut exprimer l'affection. L'affection (du latin affectio signifiant ici « affection » ou « bienveillance ») est un sentiment du type amour au sens très large : un sentiment positif donc qui comme les autres formes d'amour nous fait souhaiter le bien-être ou le bonheur d'autrui de manière réciproque, voire nous pousse à y participer de notre mieux. On peut comparer l'affection à l'amitié ou la tendresse, et son expression à la bienveillance ou tout simplement à la bonté. Une personne manifestant de l'affection est dite affectueuse. L'affection a suscité un nombre d'études en philosophie et psychologie concernant le sentiment lui-même (populairement l'amour, la dévotion, etc.) ainsi que l'influence de cet état d'âme[1]. Psychologie[modifier | modifier le code] Dans la psychologie, les termes affect et affection sont de grande importance. Le psychologue américain Henry Murray (1893–1988) a développé une théorie de personnalité organisée en termes de motivations et de besoins.
John Lydon John Joseph Lydon (born 31 January 1956), also known by his former stage name Johnny Rotten, is an English singer-songwriter and television presenter, best known as the lead singer of punk rock band the Sex Pistols from 1975 until 1978, and again for various revivals during the 1990s and 2000s. He is the lead singer of the post-punk band Public Image Ltd (PiL), which he founded and fronted from 1978 until 1993, and again since 2009. Throughout his career, Lydon has made controversial or dismissive comments about the British Royal Family and other subjects. The band caused nationwide uproar in much of the media, who objected to the content of Lydon’s lyrics, and their antics, which included swearing on live television, in which Steve Jones called Bill Grundy a "fucking rotter". Due to the band's appearance in the media, Lydon was largely seen as the figurehead of the punk movement in the public image[4] although this idea was not widely supported amongst the punk movement itself.
Motivation La motivation est, au sein d'un organisme vivant, la composante ou le processus en jeu pour l'engagement dans une activité précise. Elle en détermine le déclenchement, la direction, l'intensité et en assure la prolongation jusqu'à l'aboutissement ou l'interruption. Cette notion se distingue du dynamisme, de l'énergie ou du fait d'être actif. La motivation prend de nos jours une place de premier plan dans les organisations. Se manifestant habituellement par le déploiement d'une énergie (sous divers aspects tels que l'enthousiasme, l'assiduité, la persévérance), la motivation est parfois trivialement assimilée à une « réserve d'énergie ». Mais plus qu'une forme « d'énergie potentielle », la motivation est une instance d'intégration et de régulation d'une multitude de paramètres relatifs aux opportunités d'un environnement et aux sollicitations d'une situation. « Rien n'est plus insondable que le système de motivations derrière nos actions[1]. » Kant propose deux origines de la motivation.
Sergei Yesenin Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin (sometimes spelled as Esenin; Russian: Серге́й Алекса́ндрович Есе́нин, IPA: [sʲɪrˈgʲej ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪtɕ jɪˈsʲenʲɪn]; 3 October [O.S. 21 September] 1895 – 28 December 1925) was a Russian lyrical poet. He was one of the most popular and well-known Russian poets of the 20th century.[1] Biography[edit] Early life[edit] Yesenin's birth house in Konstantinovo Sergey Esenin was born in Konstantinovo in the Ryazan Province (Губерния, Gubernia) of the Russian Empire to a peasant family. In 1912, Esenin moved to Moscow, where he supported himself working as a proofreader in a printing company. Life and career[edit] In 1916, Yesenin published his first book of poems, Radunitsa (Russian: Радуница). From 1916 to 1917, Yesenin was drafted into military duty, but soon after the October Revolution of 1917, Russia exited World War I. In August 1917 Yesenin married for a second time to Zinaida Raikh (later an actress and the wife of Vsevolod Meyerhold). Death[edit] Works[edit]
Peak experience Origins[edit] Many of the nuances that the term now connotes were expounded by psychologist Abraham Maslow, in his 1964 work Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences.[1] To some extent the term represents Maslow's attempt to "naturalize" those experiences which have generally been identified as religious experiences and whose origin has, by implication, been thought of as supernatural. Maslow (1970) believed that the origin, core and essence of every known "high religion" was "the private, lonely, personal illumination, revelation, or ecstasy of some acutely sensitive prophet or seer" (p. 19). The nature of peak experiences[edit] Maslow describes how the peak experience tends to be uplifting and ego-transcending; it releases creative energies; it affirms the meaning and value of existence; it gives a sense of purpose to the individual; it gives a feeling of integration; it leaves a permanent mark on the individual, evidently changing them for the better. Sustained Peak Experience[edit]
Slavoj Žižek "Žižek" and "Zizek" redirect here. For the biographical documentary film, see Zizek!. Slavoj Žižek (Slovene pronunciation: [ˈslavoj ˈʒiʒɛk] ( ); born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian Marxist philosopher, and cultural critic, a senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, Global Distinguished Professor of German at New York University,[1] and international director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities. He writes widely on a diverse range of topics, including political theory, film theory, cultural studies, theology, and psychoanalysis. Žižek achieved international recognition as a social theorist after the 1989 publication of his first book in English, The Sublime Object of Ideology, which disputed a Marxist interpretation of ideology as false consciousness and argued for ideology as an unconscious fantasy that structures reality. Thought[edit] Ontology, ideology, and the Real[edit] Political thought and the postmodern subject[edit]
Théorie de l'autodétermination La théorie de l'autodétermination (acronyme TAD en français ou SDT pour Self-Determination Theory en anglais) est une macro-théorie qui propose différents modèles complémentaires (appelés mini-théories) permettant de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de la motivation humaine. Elle focalise en particulier son attention sur le degré d'auto-motivation et d'auto-détermination dans le cadre d'un comportement donné. Le degré d'auto-détermination est le degré d'autonomie et de persévérance dont fait preuve un individu dans l'exécution d'une activité ou d'un comportement, en l'absence de toute contrainte externe. La TAD a été formée dans les années 1970 à partir de recherches menées sur la comparaison entre motivation intrinsèque et extrinsèque qui ont permis de mieux comprendre l'importance du rôle joué par la motivation intrinsèque dans le comportement humain. La théorie a été pour la première fois formalisée par ses initiateurs, Edward L. La TAD est fondée sur plusieurs idées fondamentales :
John Cooper Clarke John Cooper Clarke (born 25 January 1949) is an English performance poet who first became famous during the punk rock era of the late 1970s when he became known as a "punk poet".[1] He released several albums in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and continues to perform regularly. Career[edit] Performing in Cardiff, 1979 Clarke appeared in a 1982 music documentary compilation Urgh! Clarke released a further album in 1982, Zip Style Method, which was less successful, and Clarke performed his live act less frequently, spending much of the 1980s addicted to heroin, living in a "domestic partnership" with singer and fellow addict Nico.[9][10] He described this period of his life: "It was a feral existence. Clarke was the subject of a BBC Four documentary, Evidently... Filmed in 2010 live from London's South Bank at the Queen Elizabeth II Hall, Clarke's South of the Border DVD is a complete contemporary performance recording. Personal life[edit] Discography[edit] Albums[edit] Compilations