Endorphins
Endorphins ("endogenous morphine") are endogenous opioid peptides that function as inhibitory neurotransmitters.[1] They are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in vertebrates during exercise,[2] excitement, pain, spicy food consumption, love, and sexual activity,[3][4] and they resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a feeling of well-being. The term implies a pharmacological activity (analogous to the activity of the corticosteroid category of biochemicals) as opposed to a specific chemical formulation. It consists of two parts: endo- and -orphin; these are short forms of the words endogenous and morphine, intended to mean "a morphine-like substance originating from within the body."[5] The term "endorphin rush" has been adopted in popular speech to refer to a feeling of exhilaration that can be brought on by pain, danger, or other forms of stress,[2] supposedly due to the influence of endorphins. History[edit] Mechanism of action[edit]
Pair bond
In biology, a pair bond is the strong affinity that develops in some species between a pair consisting of a male and female, or in some cases as a same-sex pairing, potentially leading to producing offspring and/or a lifelong bond. Pair-bonding is a term coined in the 1940s[1] that is frequently used in sociobiology and evolutionary psychology circles. The term often implies either a lifelong socially monogamous relationship or a stage of mating interaction in socially monogamous species. It is sometimes used in reference to human relationships. Monogamous voles, such as prairie voles, have significantly greater density and distribution of vasopressin receptors in their brain when compared to polygamous voles. Both vasopressin and dopamine act in this region to coordinate rewarding activities such as mating, and regulate selective affiliation. Varieties[edit] Black-backed jackals are one of very few monogamous mammals. Examples[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ "Pair-bond".
Eloquence
Eloquence (from Latin eloquentia) is fluent, forcible, elegant or persuasive speaking. It is primarily the power of expressing strong emotions in striking and appropriate language, thereby producing conviction or persuasion. The term is also used for writing in a fluent style. The concept of eloquence dates to the ancient Greeks, Calliope, (one of the nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne) being the Muse of epic poetry and eloquence. Eloquence derives from the Latin roots: ē (a shortened form of the preposition ex), meaning "out (of)," and loqui, a deponent verb meaning "to speak." Petrarch (Fracesco Petrarca), in his study program of the classics and antiquity (Italian Renaissance) focused attention on language and communication. In modern times, colloquial speech entered into presentation styles deemed eloquent. §Eloquent politicians[edit] Politicians are often termed eloquent. §See also[edit] §Further reading[edit] §External links[edit]
la joie
Oxytocin
Oxytocin (/ˌɒksɨˈtoʊsɪn/; Oxt) is a mammalian neurohypophysial hormone. Produced by the hypothalamus and stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, oxytocin acts primarily as a neuromodulator in the brain. Oxytocin plays an important role in the neuroanatomy of intimacy, specifically in sexual reproduction of both sexes, in particular during and after childbirth; its name comes from Greek ὀξύς, oksys "swift" and τόκος, tokos "birth." Recent studies have begun to investigate oxytocin's role in various behaviors, including orgasm, social recognition, pair bonding, anxiety, and maternal behaviors.[4] For this reason, it is sometimes referred to as the "bonding hormone". It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[7] Medical uses[edit] Injected oxytocin analogues are used for labor induction and to support labor in case of difficult parturition. Side effects[edit]
Anandamide
§History[edit] Anandamide was isolated and its structure first described in 1992 by W. A. Devane, Lumír Hanuš et al. who were working in a team led by Raphael Mechoulam at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[1] §Physiological functions[edit] Anandamide has been shown to impair working memory in rats.[7] Studies are under way to explore what role anandamide plays in human behavior, such as eating and sleep patterns, and pain relief. Anandamide is also important for implantation of the early stage embryo in its blastocyst form into the uterus. Anandamide plays a role in the regulation of feeding behavior, and the neural generation of motivation and pleasure. A study published in 1998 shows that anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation.[12] Some studies have linked anandamide release as a mechanism of analgesic effects induced by exercise, particularly by running.[13] In 1996, researchers discovered anandamide in chocolate. §Synthesis and degradation[edit] §See also[edit]
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Reward system
Drugs of abuse target the brain's pleasure center.[1] Certain neural structures, called the reward system, are critically involved in mediating the effects of reinforcement. A reward is an appetitive stimulus given to a human or some other animal to alter its behavior. Reward or reinforcement is an objective way to describe the positive value that an individual ascribes to an object, behavioral act or an internal physical state. Definition[edit] In neuroscience, the reward system is a collection of brain structures that attempts to regulate and control behavior by inducing pleasurable effects. History[edit] James Olds and Peter Milner were researchers who found the reward system in 1954. Skinner box Anatomy of the reward system[edit] The major neurochemical pathway of the reward system in the brain involves the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways. Animals vs humans[edit] Modulation by drugs[edit] Psychological drug tolerance[edit] Sensitization[edit] Neurotransmitters and reward circuits[edit]
Système de récompense
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Le système de récompense / renforcement est un système fonctionnel fondamental des mammifères, situé dans le cerveau, le long du faisceau médian du télencéphale. Ce système de « récompenses » est indispensable à la survie, car il fournit la motivation nécessaire à la réalisation d'actions ou de comportements adaptés, permettant de préserver l'individu et l'espèce (recherche de nourriture, reproduction, évitement des dangers…)[1]. Plus précisément, le système de renforcement est constitué par trois composantes : Certains psychotropes, comme l'alcool ou les opioïdes, agissent directement sur ce système quand ils sont ingérés, inhalés ou injectés dans l'organisme. Des expériences ont montré son existence chez le poisson rouge, le marsouin, le pigeon, le rat, le chat, le singe et l'être humain, ce qui suggère qu'il existe chez la plupart des vertébrés, tels les poissons, les oiseaux et les mammifères[7]. §Définitions[modifier | modifier le code]
Plongée
