The pioneers | Spectrum California became the first U.S. state to legalize medical marijuana, mainly for adults with severe chronic illness such as cancer or AIDS. Since California’s decision in 1996, 24 states and the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) have followed, and since 2012, four states and Washington, D.C., have legalized recreational use of the drug. So far, only Pennsylvania specifically permits medical marijuana use for autism, but in the past few years, parents of children with epilepsy across the nation have adopted this approach. Much of this enthusiasm stemmed from the widespread media coverage in 2013 of Charlotte’s Web, a marijuana strain with high levels of CBD. Around that time, Karlee was at her wits’ end. Giving her son marijuana was not an easy decision for Karlee. With her prescription in hand, Karlee was able to visit a for-profit medical dispensary that sells marijuana oils and tinctures — marijuana extracts steeped in alcohol.
RC circuit A resistor–capacitor circuit (RC circuit), or RC filter or RC network, is an electric circuit composed of resistors and capacitors driven by a voltage or current source. A first order RC circuit is composed of one resistor and one capacitor and is the simplest type of RC circuit. RC circuits can be used to filter a signal by blocking certain frequencies and passing others. The two most common RC filters are the high-pass filters and low-pass filters; band-pass filters and band-stop filters usually require RLC filters, though crude ones can be made with RC filters. Introduction[edit] There are three basic, linear passive lumped analog circuit components: the resistor (R), the capacitor (C), and the inductor (L). This article relies on knowledge of the complex impedance representation of capacitors and on knowledge of the frequency domain representation of signals. Natural response[edit] The simplest RC circuit is a capacitor and a resistor in series. Complex impedance[edit] where and As or . per
Neurons, Synapses, Action Potentials, and Neurotransmission - The Mind Project Return to MODULE PAGE Neurons, Synapses, Action Potentials, and Neurotransmission Robert Stufflebeam: Author, Artist & Animator Functions of Neurons The central nervous system [CNS] is composed entirely of two kinds of specialized cells: neurons and glia. Hence, every information processing system in the CNS is composed of neurons and glia; so too are the networks that compose the systems (and the maps). Neurons are the basic information processing structures in the CNS. While we are considering numbers, it is worth noting that there are as many as 50 times more glia than neurons in our CNS! Because our main interest lies in exploring how information processing occurs in the brain, we are going to ignore glia. Structure of neurons A "typical" neuron has four distinct parts (or regions). Neuronal signaling Conduction To begin conduction, an action potential is generated near the cell body portion of the axon. Neurotransmission Chemical neurotransmission occurs at chemical synapses.
Role for Fatty Acid Metabolism in Preclinical AD? Action Points Note that this observational study found an association between higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid and lower levels of cerebral amyloidosis.Be aware that the study was focused on individuals with significant vascular risk factors and may not be generalizable to the population at large. Limited seafood intake may increase the risk of brain amyloid deposition and Alzheimer's disease (AD), according to new research. Greater levels of the essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic (DHA) were associated with less cerebral amyloidosis, larger brain volumes, and better cognitive measures in cognitively healthy patients, Hussein N. In 61 older participants enrolled in the Aging Brain Study, serum DHA levels (the percentage of total fatty acids) were 23% lower in those with significantly more cerebral amyloidosis than in those without (0.97 versus 1.25). In an accompanying editorial, Joseph F. So what's a clinician to do? Reviewed by F.
Kirchhoff's circuit laws Both of Kirchhoff's laws can be understood as corollaries of the Maxwell equations in the low-frequency limit. They are accurate for DC circuits, and for AC circuits at frequencies where the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are very large compared to the circuits. Kirchhoff's current law (KCL)[edit] The current entering any junction is equal to the current leaving that junction. i2 + i3 = i1 + i4 This law is also called Kirchhoff's first law, Kirchhoff's point rule, or Kirchhoff's junction rule (or nodal rule). The principle of conservation of electric charge implies that: The algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is zero. Recalling that current is a signed (positive or negative) quantity reflecting direction towards or away from a node, this principle can be stated as: n is the total number of branches with currents flowing towards or away from the node. This formula is valid for complex currents: Uses[edit] Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)[edit] Assuming
THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM A presynaptic neuron has several specialized structures that distinguish it from a postsynaptic neuron. The terminal button of the presynaptic neuron’s axon contains mitochondria as well as microtubules that transport the neurotransmitters from the cell body (where they are produced) to the tip of the axon. (click on 2. Axonal Transport) This terminal button also contains spherical vesicles filled with neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are secreted into the synaptic gap by a process called exocytosis, in which the vesicles’ membranes fuse with that of the presynaptic button. The synaptic gap that the neurotransmitters have to cross is very narrow–on the order of 0.02 micron. Across the gap, the neurotransmitters bind to membrane receptors: large proteins anchored in the cell membrane of the post-synaptic neuron.
The New Drug That Could Treat Alzheimer's - Introducing NTRX-07 In Brief Five million people, in the US alone, could be significantly helped by a new drug to treat Alzheimer's Disease. There have been many recent breakthroughs in the study and treatment of nuerodegenerative disorders. From medication to gene therapy, new solutions are continually popping up to instill greater hope. Targeting Inflammation New developments and research into treating Alzheimer’s disease are always welcome. “This drug may reduce inflammation in the brain, which is linked to Alzheimer’s disease,” says lead researcher Mohamed Naguib of Cleveland Clinic. “NTRX-07 uses a different mechanism than many other Alzheimer’s drugs currently available, as it targets the cause of the disease, not just the symptoms,” Naguib explains. Restoring Memory and Lives During tests on mice bred to show neurodegenerative issues similar to Alzheimer’s, NTRX-07 showed memory-restoring abilities.
Ohm's law V, I, and R, the parameters of Ohm's law. where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.[3] The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm, who, in a treatise published in 1827, described measurements of applied voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing various lengths of wire. In physics, the term Ohm's law is also used to refer to various generalizations of the law originally formulated by Ohm. where J is the current density at a given location in a resistive material, E is the electric field at that location, and σ is a material dependent parameter called the conductivity. History Ohm's law was probably the most important of the early quantitative descriptions of the physics of electricity. Scope
The art of mindreading: Empathy or rational inference? The ability to infer what another person is thinking is an essential tool for social interaction and is known by neuroscientists as "Theory of Mind" (ToM), but how does the brain actually allow us to do this? We are able to rationally infer what someone knows, thinks, or intends, but we are also able to "slip into their shoes" and infer how they feel, and it seems that the brain processes these different types of information in different ways, as confirmed by a new report in the June 2010 issue of Elsevier's Cortex. Prof. Elke Kalbe and colleagues from the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine at the Research Centre Juelich and the Neurological University Clinic Cologne, Germany, studied a group of male volunteers as they performed a computerized task, which assessed their abilities in both emotional and rational inference. Coauthor Prof.
Sugar Harms Your Brain Health, Drives Alzheimer’s Epidemic By Dr. Joseph Mercola Guest Writer for Wake Up World Alzheimer’s disease, a severe form of dementia, affects an estimated 5.2 million Americans, according to 2013 statistics.[1] One in nine seniors over the age of 65 has Alzheimer’s, and the disease is now thought to be the third leading cause of death in the US, right behind heart disease and cancer. A growing body of research suggests there’s a powerful connection between your diet and your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, via similar pathways that cause type 2 diabetes. Contrary to popular belief, your brain does not require glucose, and actually functions better burning alternative fuels, especially ketones, which your body makes in response to digesting healthy fats. According to some experts, such as Dr. Sugar Damages Brain Structure and Function In your brain, insulin helps with neuron glucose-uptake and the regulation of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, which are crucial for memory and learning. Neurologist Dr.
Mind-controlled quadcopter takes to the air (Screenshot by Michelle Starr/CNET Australia) Researchers at the University of Minnesota have designed an interface that allows humans to control a robot using only their thoughts. How close are we getting to actual brain control? It's starting to seem not far off at all. On the more silly end of the spectrum, we've seen robotic ears and tails that respond to brainwaves; but we've also seen more recently a Chilean company that has created a brain interface for designing printable objects, a mind-controlled exoskeleton for helping people walk, even mind-to-mind communication. A team of researchers at the University of Minnesota has just added another exciting new technology to the list: a quadcopter that can perform feats of aerial agility, controlled entirely by the pilot's thoughts. Using electroencephalography (EEG), a non-invasive cap fitted with 64 electrodes reads the electrical impulses of the brain to control the copter. Check out how the quadcopter flies in the video below.
Social Skills and Autism - Autism and Social Skills Training Why Would a Person With Autism Need to See a Social Skills Therapist? One of the most significant problems for people on the autism spectrum is difficulty in social interaction. This difficulty is, of course, made more significant by problems with speech and language. But autism also seems to create problems with "mind reading" -- that is, with knowing what another person might be thinking. This "mind blindness" can lead even the highest-functioning person on the autism spectrum to make social blunders that cause all kinds of problems. What Exactly IS a Social Skills Therapist? As autism spectrum disorders have become more and more common, a sort of industry has grown up around teaching social skills to both children and adults. In general, social skills therapists are social workers, psychologists, occupational therapists and speech/language therapists who specialize in working with autistic people. What Do Social Skills Therapists Do for People with Autism?
'Mental Flossing' May Cut Cognitive Risk in Elderly Action Points Engaging in mentally stimulating activities even in late life may be protective against new-onset mild cognitive impairment (MCI), according to a prospective observational study.Note that the associations of mentally stimulating activities with risk of MCI may vary according to carrier status of APOE ε4, a genotype that is a well-known risk factor for MCI and Alzheimer Disease. Mentally stimulating activities may diminish the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older people -- even in apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) carriers, researchers found. In the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, several activities -- playing games, doing crafts, using the computer, and socializing -- were each associated with a significantly decreased risk of MCI in cognitively normal people age 70 and up over a median follow-up of 4 years, Yonas Geda, MD, of the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Ariz., and colleagues reported online in JAMA Neurology. Reviewed by Henry A.