Transubstantiation The Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, and Church of the East have sometimes used the term "transubstantiation" (metousiosis); however, terms such as "divine mystery", "trans-elementation" (μεταστοιχείωσις metastoicheiosis), "re-ordination" (μεταρρύθμισις metarrhythmisis), or simply "change" (μεταβολή) are more common among them and they consider the change from bread and wine to flesh and blood a "Mystery". History[edit] During the Protestant Reformation, the doctrine of transubstantiation was heavily criticised as an Aristotelian "pseudophilosophy"[17] imported into Christian teaching and jettisoned in favor of Martin Luther's doctrine of sacramental union, or in favor, per Huldrych Zwingli, of the Eucharist as memorial.[18] Patristic period[edit] A letter by Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Romans, written in AD 106 says: "I desire the bread of GOD, which is the flesh of Jesus Christ Saint Ambrose of Milan (d. 397) wrote: Middle Ages[edit] Protestant criticisms[edit]
Tyche Tyche (English /ˈtaɪki/; from Greek: Τύχη,[1] meaning "luck"; Roman equivalent: Fortuna) was the presiding tutelary deity that governed the fortune and prosperity of a city, its destiny. She is the daughter of Aphrodite and Zeus or Hermes. Increasingly during the Hellenistic period, cities venerated their own specific iconic version of Tyche, wearing a mural crown (a crown like the walls of the city). The Greek historian Polybius believed that when no cause can be discovered to events such as floods, droughts, frosts or even in politics, then the cause of these events may be fairly attributed to Tyche.[2] Stylianos Spyridakis [3] concisely expressed Tyche's appeal in a Hellenistic world of arbitrary violence and unmeaning reverses: "In the turbulent years of the Epigoni of Alexander, an awareness of the instability of human affairs led people to believe that Tyche, the blind mistress of Fortune, governed mankind with an inconstancy which explained the vicissitudes of the time.
Millennium Prize Problems The Millennium Prize Problems are seven problems in mathematics that were stated by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000. As of July 2013, six of the problems remain unsolved. A correct solution to any of the problems results in a US $1,000,000 prize (sometimes called a Millennium Prize) being awarded by the institute. The Poincaré conjecture was solved by Grigori Perelman, but he declined the award in 2010. Problems[edit] P versus NP[edit] The question is whether, for all problems for which an algorithm can verify a given solution quickly (that is, in polynomial time), an algorithm can also find that solution quickly. "If P = NP, then the world would be a profoundly different place than we usually assume it to be. — Scott Aaronson, MIT Most mathematicians and computer scientists expect that P≠NP. The official statement of the problem was given by Stephen Cook. The Hodge conjecture[edit] The official statement of the problem was given by Pierre Deligne. The Poincaré conjecture (proven)[edit]
Mickey Finn (drugs) In slang, a Mickey Finn (or simply Mickey) is a drink laced with a drug (especially chloral hydrate) given to someone without their knowledge in order to incapacitate them. Serving someone a Mickey is most commonly referred to as slipping one a mickey, sometimes spelled "slipping one a mickie".[1] The first popular account of Mickey Finn was given by Herbert Asbury in his 1940 book Gem of the Prairie: An Informal History of the Chicago Underworld. His cited sources are Chicago newspapers and the 1903 court testimony of Lone Star prostitute "Gold Tooth" Mary Thornton. Before his days as a saloon proprietor, Mickey Finn was known as a pickpocket and thief who often preyed on drunken bar patrons. In 1918, Mickey Finn was apparently arrested again, this time for running an illegal bar in South Chicago.[9] Jump up ^ "What's in a Mickey Finn?". Herbert Asbury, Gem of the Prairie: An Informal History of the Chicago Underworld (New York: Alfred A.
Quorum sensing Quorum sensing is a system of stimulus and response correlated to population density. Many species of bacteria use quorum sensing to coordinate gene expression according to the density of their local population. In similar fashion, some social insects use quorum sensing to determine where to nest. Quorum sensing can function as a decision-making process in any decentralized system, as long as individual components have: (a) a means of assessing the number of other components they interact with and (b) a standard response once a threshold number of components is detected. Bacteria[edit] Some of the best-known examples of quorum sensing come from studies of bacteria. Mechanism[edit] Model of quorum sensing. Examples[edit] Aliivibrio fischeri[edit] Escherichia coli[edit] In the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), cell division may be partially regulated by AI-2-mediated quorum sensing. Salmonella enterica[edit] Pseudomonas aeruginosa[edit] Acinetobacter sp. Aeromonas sp. Archaea[edit]
Dokkōdō The "Dokkōdō" [ (Japanese: 独行道?); "The Path of Aloneness", "The Way to Go Forth Alone", or "The Way of Walking Alone"] is a short work written by Miyamoto Musashi (宮本 武蔵) a week before he died in 1645. It consists of either nineteen or twenty-one precepts; precepts 4 and 20 are omitted from the former version. "Dokkodo" was largely composed on the occasion of Musashi giving away his possessions in preparation for death, and was dedicated to his favorite disciple, Terao Magonojō (to whom the earlier Go rin no sho [The Book of Five Rings] had also been dedicated), who took them to heart. Precepts[edit] References[edit]
Divine (actor) Although Divine died in Los Angeles, California from cardiomegaly in 1988, he has remained a cult figure ever since, particularly within the LGBT community, and has provided the inspiration for fictional characters, artworks and songs. Various books and documentary films devoted to his life have also been produced, including Divine Trash (1998) and I Am Divine (2013). Glenn "Divine" Milstead's high school yearbook photo at age 17 Harris Glenn Milstead was born on October 19, 1945, at the Women's Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. By the time of Divine's birth in 1945, the Milsteads were relatively wealthy and socially conservative, adhering to the Baptist denomination of Christianity. "Divine. Waters followed Roman Candles with a third short film, Eat Your Makeup (1968), in which Divine once more wore drag, this time to portray a fictionalized version of Jackie Kennedy, the widow of recently assassinated U.S.
Etruscan shrew The Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), also known as the Etruscan pygmy shrew or the white-toothed pygmy shrew is the smallest known mammal by mass, weighing only about 1.8 grams (0.063 oz) on average[3][4][5][6][7] (The bumblebee bat is regarded as the smallest mammal by skull size).[3][8] The Etruscan shrew has a body length of about 4 centimetres (1.6 in) excluding the tail. It is characterized by very rapid movements and a fast metabolism, eating about 1.5–2 times its own body weight per day. It feeds on various small vertebrates and invertebrates, mostly insects, and can hunt individuals of the same size as itself. Description[edit] Activity[edit] Etruscan shrews live alone, except during mating periods. The movements of the Etruscan shrew are rapid, with a rate of about 780 min−1 (13 s−1). Etruscan shrews mate primarily from March to October, though they can be pregnant at any time of the year. Distribution[edit] Habitat[edit] Hunting and feeding[edit] Predators and threats[edit]
Steppenraute Die Steppenraute (Peganum harmala, im deutschen Sprachraum auch Harmalkraut, Syrische Steppenraute, Harmelraute) ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Nitrariaceae. Sie kommt vor allem in Wüsten, Halbwüsten und Steppen von Westasien bis Nordindien vor, gelegentlich aber auch im Mittelmeerraum vor. Wegen der in der gesamten Pflanze enthaltenen Harman-Alkaloide sind Extrakte daraus mit die ältesten als Halluzinogen und als Heilmittel eingesetzten Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe.[1][2] Beschreibung[Bearbeiten] Die Steppenraute ist eine buschige Staude, die bis 80–100 cm hoch wächst, mit unregelmäßigen, fiederspaltigen Blättern; die Wurzeln sind kurz. Inhaltsstoffe[Bearbeiten] Stoffgehalte der Samen: Traditionelle Verwendung[Bearbeiten] Traditionell im Mittleren Osten und Westasien zur ritualistischen Verräucherung, Duftzwecken und als Färbemittel für Teppiche und Wolle eingesetzt, finden die Samen auch heute noch vielfach in türkischen und iranischen Kulturkreisen unter dem Namen Yüzerlik bzw.
Nihilism Nihilism is also a characteristic that has been ascribed to time periods: for example, Jean Baudrillard and others have called postmodernity a nihilistic epoch,[4] and some Christian theologians and figures of religious authority have asserted that postmodernity[5] and many aspects of modernity[3] represent a rejection of theism, and that such rejection of their theistic doctrine entails nihilism. Forms of nihilism[edit] Nihilism has many definitions, and thus can describe philosophical positions that are arguably independent. [edit] Metaphysical nihilism is the philosophical theory that there might be no objects at all—that is, that there is a possible world where there are no objects at all—or at least that there might be no concrete objects at all—so that even if every possible world contains some objects, there is at least one that contains only abstract objects. Epistemological nihilism[edit] Mereological nihilism[edit] This interpretation of existence must be based on resolution.
Operation Nifty Package Operation Nifty Package was a United States Navy SEALs-operated plan conducted in 1989 designed to capture Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega. When Noriega took refuge in the Holy See Apostolic Nuncio (diplomatic quarter), deafening music and other psychological warfare were used to convince him to exit and surrender himself. The United States claimed that after ten days of psychological harassment, Papal ambassador Monsignor Laboa had threatened to revoke Noriega's sanctuary if he didn't surrender to the United States, although Laboa insisted that he had made no threats of revoking the right of asylum under the Church, but had used his own "precisely calibrated psychological campaign" to force Noriega's departure.[1] Military execution[edit] Executed in the starting hours of Operation Just Cause, this operation was handled by SEAL Team 4. Encircling the Apostolic Nuncio of the Holy See[edit] Surrender[edit] References[edit]