Why Government Spending Does Not Stimulate Economic Growth: Answering the Critics Léon Blum Biographie[modifier | modifier le code] Jeunesse[modifier | modifier le code] Origines[modifier | modifier le code] Acte de naissance de Léon Blum. Plaque commémorative sur la façade de la maison natale de Léon Blum. Formation[modifier | modifier le code] Léon Blum enfant (sous la flèche) et ses frères durant la décennie 1880. Famille[modifier | modifier le code] Léon Blum vit ensuite à partir de 1940 avec Jeanne Levylier (ancienne épouse d'Henry Torrès et d'Henri Reichenbach), qu'il épouse en troisièmes noces en 1943 au camp de Buchenwald[15], où elle avait demandé à le rejoindre[16]. Conseiller d'État[modifier | modifier le code] Il va y faire une carrière de près de 25 ans, interrompue seulement par ses fonctions de chef de cabinet du socialiste Marcel Sembat, ministre des Travaux publics, de 1914 à 1916. Écrivain et critique littéraire[modifier | modifier le code] Durant la première partie de sa vie, c'est comme écrivain que Léon Blum souhaite être reconnu. Léon Blum vers 1910.
Irving Fisher Irving Fisher (February 27, 1867 – April 29, 1947)[1] was an American economist, statistician, inventor, and Progressive social campaigner. He was one of the earliest American neoclassical economists, though his later work on debt deflation has been embraced by the post-Keynesian school.[2] Joseph Schumpeter described him as "the greatest economist the United States has ever produced",[3] an assessment later repeated by James Tobin[4] and Milton Friedman.[5] Fisher was perhaps the first celebrity economist, but his reputation during his lifetime was irreparably harmed by his public statements, just prior to the Wall Street Crash of 1929, claiming that the stock market had reached "a permanently high plateau". Having made numerous contributions to economic theory, he later became the foremost proponent of the full-reserve banking reform until his death. Biography[edit] After graduating from Yale, Fisher studied in Berlin and Paris. Economic theories[edit] Utility theory[edit] where
Karl Polanyi Polanyi's approach to the ancient economies has been applied to a variety of cases, such as Pre-Columbian America and ancient Mesopotamia, although its utility to the study of ancient societies in general has been questioned.[2] Polanyi's The Great Transformation became a model for historical sociology. His theories eventually became the foundation for the economic democracy movement. His daughter Kari Polanyi-Levitt is Emerita Professor of Economics at McGill University, Montreal. Life[edit] Early life[edit] Polanyi was born into a Jewish family. Polanyi founded the radical and influential Club Galilei while at the University of Budapest, a club which would have far reaching effects on Hungarian intellectual thought. In Vienna[edit] From 1924 to 1933 he was employed as a senior editor of the prestigious Der Oesterreichische Volkswirt ('The Austrian Economist'). He married the communist revolutionary Ilona Duczynska, of Polish-Hungarian background. In London[edit] Works[edit] Notes[edit]
Keynesian economics The theories forming the basis of Keynesian economics were first presented by the British economist John Maynard Keynes in his book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936, during the Great Depression. Keynes contrasted his approach to the aggregate supply-focused 'classical' economics that preceded his book. The interpretations of Keynes that followed are contentious and several schools of economic thought claim his legacy. Keynesian economists often argue that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes which require active policy responses by the public sector, in particular, monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government, in order to stabilize output over the business cycle.[2] Keynesian economics advocates a mixed economy – predominantly private sector, but with a role for government intervention during recessions. Overview[edit] Theory[edit] Concept[edit] Excessive saving[edit]
Basic Overview of Budget Deficit Debates Balanced budget debate The budget deficit is often in the media spotlight. The budget deficit is defined as the difference between what the government spends and what the government collects. There are three basic sides to the balanced budget debate. Traditionalists argue that a reduction in the budget deficit will significantly help the economy in the long run. But the Ricardian view of the budget deficit takes a much less negative position on this issue. The third position, a bit on the fringe, claims that the budget deficit is not a reasonable measure of fiscal policy. Which of these views is most reasonable? Burden of the national debt Each time a budget deficit is run, money is added to the national debt. As with the budget deficit, there are a number of different views regarding the national debt. Instead of analyzing the many views regarding the national debt, we will focus on the truths about the national debt and let the relative merits of the positions fall into place.
Grande dépression (années 1930) - images de crises Vos données personnelles sont traitées pour les finalités suivantes:Cookies de fonctionnements du site, Mesure d'audience, Publicités et contenu personnalisés, mesure de performance des publicités et du contenu, études d’audience et développement de services, Stocker et/ou accéder à des informations sur un appareil
Communism Communism is represented by a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism and the political ideologies grouped around both. All these hold in common the analysis that the current order of society stems from its economic system, capitalism, that in this system, there are two major social classes: the proletariat - who must work to survive, and who make up a majority of society - and the capitalist class - a minority who derive profit from employing the proletariat, through private ownership of the means of production, and that political, social and economic conflict between these two classes will trigger a fundamental change in the economic system, and by extension a wide-ranging transformation of society. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to communism, is the social ownership of the means of production. Because of historical peculiarities, communism is commonly erroneously equated to Marxism-Leninism in mainstream usage.
International trade Linda Kaucher has been researching international trading agreements for over ten years and has put together a comprehensive introduction to the development of these agreements, who benefits and who pays the price in the UK. In Module 4 this year we'll be examining these issues and the implications for counter-parties to these agreements and their people. Linda has already submitted two pieces to Daily Pickings, Secret EU/India Free Trade Agreement and US/EU Free Trade Agreement and the NHS. The most important point in the Chancellor’s 2013 budget speech was: "Our support for European free trade agreements with India, Japan and the US is a priority of our foreign policy" although missed by the UK press, which habitually ignores international trade agreements. Much of the UK media and consequently the UK public still believe that trade agreement action is in the World Trade Organisation and that an absence of action on that front means an absence of action. (iv) See TheCityUK website
Macroeconomics Circulation in macroeconomics. Macroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning "large" and economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies.[1][2] With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. While macroeconomics is a broad field of study, there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline: the attempt to understand the causes and consequences of short-run fluctuations in national income (the business cycle), and the attempt to understand the determinants of long-run economic growth (increases in national income). Macroeconomic models and their forecasts are used by governments to assist in the development and evaluation of economic policy. Basic macroeconomic concepts[edit] Output and income[edit] Unemployment[edit] Main article: Unemployment IS–LM[edit] 1.
The Greatest Economic Myth of the Century My candidate for “greatest economic myth of the century” was popularized by British economist John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s. He thought that massive government spending would halt recessions and lead to prosperity. The myth here is that government spending, i.e. the extracting of dollars from taxpayers and then handing them out to key groups by politicians, helps the economy as a whole. Keynes worded his theory this way: “To dig holes in the ground, paid for out of savings, will increase not only employment, but the real national dividend of useful goods and services.” Keynes’s idea that government spending, even just digging holes, will lead to prosperity was discredited shortly after he announced it in 1935 during the Great Depression. How did we get out of the Great Depression? Keynes was right in a sense–government spending can help those groups receiving the most tax dollars. Why do politicians persist in massive government spending? That helps explain the budget crisis today.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Roosevelt est l’un des principaux acteurs de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, rompant avec l’isolationnisme traditionnel de son pays. Avant l’entrée en guerre des États-Unis, il lance le programme prêt-bail afin de fournir les pays alliés en matériel de guerre. Après l’attaque de Pearl Harbor par les Japonais, il assume pleinement ses fonctions de commandant en chef de l’armée américaine et prépare largement la victoire des Alliés. Il tient un rôle de premier plan dans la transformation du monde à la sortie du conflit, inspirant notamment la fondation de l'ONU. Il laisse une très forte empreinte dans l'histoire de son pays et celle du monde. La longévité de sa présidence reste unique. Biographie[modifier | modifier le code] Origines familiales et jeunesse[modifier | modifier le code] Ses parents appartenaient à deux vieilles familles patriciennes de New York[a 1]. À l'âge de quatorze ans, il entra dans un établissement privé et élitiste du Massachusetts, la Groton School. Autres références
Bob Grant (radio host) Grant was widely termed a political conservative, and personally considered himself to be a conservative with some libertarian leanings. L.A. radio is really hip compared to New York. Here the scene is very provincial and ethnic and liberal. Being a conservative, I am referred to by most of my callers as the house right-winger or fascist. Actually, it gets pretty funny, because they do more yelling at me than engaging in useful debate. In 2000 Grant briefly considered running for United States Senate from New Jersey as an Independent. His guest appearances became more frequent beginning in July 2007. Beginning in September 2009, Grant reduced Straight Ahead! On September 13, 2009, Grant returned to WABC for a third stint at the station, doing a weekly Sunday talk show from noon to 2 p.m. Grant also prepared weekly columns for his website, BobGrantOnline.com. Glenn Beck now uses the catchphrase "Get off my phone!" Tributes to Bob Grant poured in after his death was announced.
Alan Freeman | Association for Heterodox Economics - Academia.edu "These slides were presented in Cape Town, South Africa, at the April 10 national conference of ILRIG, a trade union and social movement educational institution founded in the mid-80s. Because of the demand for the slides I have uploaded it unrevised; a final version including full sources will replace this and, if the data is re-used, some reference should be made to its provisional nature. The presentation explains the interlinked causes of world poverty and the 2008 crash. To this end, unusually, it begins with the sharp rise in food and commodity prices which accompanied the fake boom of 2001-2008 and led to the crash, and ends with the structural causes of US decline which is, in fact, the underlying cause of the problems of the world economy. World Capitalism, early in the twentieth century, thus entered a new phase in which the world impact of the USA’s decline was no longer economically, socially, nor politically sustainable.