Baruch Spinoza 17th century philosopher Baruch (de) Spinoza (;[14][15] Dutch: [baːˈrux spɪˈnoːzaː]; Portuguese: [ðɨ ʃpiˈnɔzɐ]; born Baruch Espinosa; later as an author and a correspondent Benedictus de Spinoza, anglicized to Benedict de Spinoza; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677[17][18][19][20]) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi origin.[12][21][22] One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment[23] and modern biblical criticism,[24] including modern conceptions of the self and the universe,[25] he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. Inspired by the groundbreaking ideas of René Descartes, Spinoza became a leading philosophical figure of the Dutch Golden Age. Spinoza's given name, which means "Blessed", varies among different languages. In Hebrew, his full name is written ברוך שפינוזה. In the Netherlands he used the Portuguese name Bento. Biography[edit] Family and community origins[edit] 17th-century Netherlands[edit] Early life[edit] Death[edit]
en.m.wikipedia 19th-century German composer, pianist and organist A grandson of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, Felix Mendelssohn was born into a prominent Jewish family. He was brought up without religion until the age of seven, when he was baptised as a Reformed Christian. Felix was recognised early as a musical prodigy, but his parents were cautious and did not seek to capitalise on his talent. Mendelssohn enjoyed early success in Germany, and revived interest in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, notably with his performance of the St Matthew Passion in 1829. Life[edit] Childhood[edit] The family moved to Berlin in 1811, leaving Hamburg in disguise in fear of French reprisal for the Mendelssohn bank's role in breaking Napoleon's Continental System blockade. Surname[edit] Abraham Mendelssohn renounced the Jewish religion prior to Felix's birth; he and his wife decided not to have Felix circumcised, in contravention of the Jewish tradition. Career[edit] Musical education[edit] Early maturity[edit]
Joseph Johnson Joseph Johnson may refer to: Entertainment[edit] Joseph McMillan Johnson (1912–1990), American film art directorSmokey Johnson (1936–2015), New Orleans jazz musicianN.O. Joe (Joseph Johnson, born 1975), musician, producer and songwriter Politics[edit] Religion[edit] Others[edit] See also[edit] Heinrich Heine - Wikipedia German poet, journalist, essayist, and literary critic Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈhaɪnə]; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a German poet, writer and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. Early life[edit] Childhood and youth[edit] Heinrich was the eldest of four children. Düsseldorf was then a small town with a population of around 16,000. Thus Heine's formative years were spent under French influence. Heine's parents were not particularly devout. In 1814 Heine went to a business school in Düsseldorf where he learned to read English, the commercial language of the time.[12] The most successful member of the Heine family was his uncle Salomon Heine, a millionaire banker in Hamburg. When he was 18 Heine almost certainly had an unrequited love for his cousin Amalie, Salomon's daughter. Universities[edit]
Millennialism Belief that a Golden Age or Paradise will occur prior to the final judgment Millennialism (from millennium, Latin for "a thousand years") or chiliasm (from the Greek equivalent), is a belief advanced by some religious denominations that a Golden Age or Paradise will occur on Earth prior to the final judgment and future eternal state of the "World to Come". Christianity and Judaism have both produced messianic movements which featured millennialist teachings—such as the notion that an earthly kingdom of God was at hand. These millenarian movements often led to considerable social unrest.[1] Similarities to millennialism appear in Zoroastrianism, which identified successive thousand-year periods, each of which will end in a cataclysm of heresy and destruction, until the final destruction of evil and of the spirit of evil by a triumphant king of peace at the end of the final millennial age. Judaism[edit] Christianity[edit] came to life and reigned with Christ a thousand years. Utopianism[edit]
www.counter-currents 3,117 words Richard Wagner (1813-1883) was the most influential composer of the nineteenth century and one of the most influential composers in the history of Western art music. A composer almost exclusively of operas, Wagner revolutionized the dramatic scope and staging of operas and greatly extended the harmonic language and formal structure of operatic music. Wagner’s greatest artistic achievement was his tetralogy of operas collectively known as Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung, 1848-1874), which includes (in order of performance) Das Rheingold (The Rhinegold, 1854), Die Walküre (The Valkyrie, 1856), Siegfried (1871), and Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods, 1874). In normal parlance, this work is generally referred to as The Ring Cycle, or just The Ring. Even if you have never seen a live or video performance of a Wagner opera, you have undoubtedly been exposed to Wagner’s music. The Text Synopsis The Music Staging & Dramatic Representation
Institution Structure or mechanism of social order An institution is a humanly devised structure of rules and norms that shape and constrain individual behavior.[1][2][3][4] All definitions of institutions generally entail that there is a level of persistence and continuity.[5] Laws, rules, social conventions and norms are all examples of institutions.[6] Institutions vary in their level of formality and informality.[7][8] Institutions are a principal object of study in social sciences such as political science, anthropology, economics, and sociology (the latter described by Émile Durkheim as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning").[9] Primary or meta-institutions are institutions such as the family or money that are broad enough to encompass sets of related institutions. Definition[edit] Other social scientists have examined the concept of institutional lock-in. Randall Calvert defines institution as "an equilibrium of behavior in an underlying game Examples[edit]
www.opera-arias 1 - Das Rheingold 2 - Die Walküre 3 - Siegfried 4 - Götterdammerung Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic operas (or "dramas" to use the composer's preferred term) by the German composer Richard Wagner (1813-83). The works are based loosely on characters from the Norse sagas and the Nibelungenlied. Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Historical context[edit] Publication history[edit] The treatise was published anonymously in 1670 by Jan Rieuwertsz in Amsterdam. In order to protect the author and publisher from political retribution, the title page identified the city of publication as Hamburg and the publisher as Henricus Kunraht. Treatment of religion[edit] In the treatise, Spinoza put forth his most systematic critique of Judaism, and all organized religion in general. Spinoza argued that purportedly supernatural occurrences, namely prophecy and miracles, have in fact natural explanations. Scriptural interpretation[edit] Spinoza was not only the real father of modern metaphysics and moral and political philosophy, but also of the so-called higher criticism of the Bible. His Tractatus Theologico-Politicus undertook to show that Scriptures properly understood gave no authority for the militant intolerance of the clergy who sought to stifle all dissent by the use of force. See also[edit]
www.janssenmusic ‘Der Ring des Nibelungen’ (The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic operas by German composer Richard Wagner (1813-1883). The works are based loosely on characters from the Norse sagas and the Nibelungenlied. The four dramas, which the composer described as a trilogy with a “Vorabend” (preliminary evening), are often referred to as the Ring Cycle, Wagner’s Ring, or simply The Ring. Wagner wrote the libretto and music over the course of about 26 years, from 1848 to 1874. The four operas that constitute the Ring cycle are, in sequence: “Das Rheingold” (The Rhine Gold), “Die Walküre” (The Valkyrie), “Siegfried” and “Götterdämmerung” (Twilight of the Gods). Although individual operas of the sequence are sometimes performed separately, Wagner intended them to be performed in series. The Ring proper begins with “Die Walküre” and ends with “Götterdämmerung”, with “Das Rheingold” as as prelude. The scale and scope of the story is epic. Recordings: 1. 2. 3. 4. (Recording not available yet)
Conyers Middleton 18th-century English clergyman and writer Conyers Middleton (27 December 1683 – 28 July 1750) was an English clergyman. Mired in controversy and disputes, he was also considered one of the best stylists in English of his time. Early life[edit] Middleton was born at Richmond, North Yorkshire in 1683. Middleton was educated at The Minster School, York before entering Trinity College, Cambridge in March 1699.[4] He graduated with a BA in 1703. In 1710 Dr. Dispute with Bentley[edit] Later life[edit] Middleton stayed in Rome during a great part of 1724 and 1725. His first wife, Sarah Morris, died on 19 February 1731. Middleton's sceptical tendency became clearer, and Zachary Pearce accused him of covert infidelity. Middleton's major work, his Life of Cicero (1741), was a success. Middleton lived at Hildersham, near Cambridge, and married again shortly before he died, on 28 July 1750.[3] Works[edit] A modern opinion is that Early works[edit] The pamphlets from the struggle with Bentley were:[3]
www.britannica Der Ring des Nibelungen, (German: “The Ring of the Nibelung”) four music dramas (grand operas) by German composer Richard Wagner, all with German librettos by the composer himself. The operas are Das Rheingold (“The Rhine Gold”), Die Walküre (“The Valkyrie”), Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung (“The Twilight of the Gods”), first performed in sequence at the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, Bavaria, Germany, on August 13, 14, 16, and 17, 1876. Collectively they are often referred to as the Ring cycle. Background and context Wagner had long been interested in early Norse and German heroic poetry, including the medieval German epic Nibelungenlied (“Song of the Nibelung”), when he sketched out a prose version of the Nibelung myth in 1848. His first libretto to use that version was called Siegfrieds Tod (“The Death of Siegfried”), which became the basis of Götterdämmerung. Der Ring des Nibelungen, or the Ring cycle, is an unsurpassed exaltation of German heritage and mythology.