John Law (economist) John Law (baptised 21 April 1671 – 21 March 1729) was a Scottish economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not constitute wealth in itself and that national wealth depended on trade. He was appointed Controller General of Finances of France under King Louis XV. In 1716 Law established the Banque Générale in France, a private bank, but three-quarters of the capital consisted of government bills and government-accepted notes, effectively making it the first central bank of the nation. He was responsible for the Mississippi Company bubble and a chaotic economic collapse in France, which has been compared to the early-17th century tulip mania in Holland.[1] The Mississippi Bubble was contemporaneous with the South Sea Company bubble of England. Law was a gambler and a brilliant mental calculator. He was known to win card games by mentally calculating the odds. He spent ten years moving between France and the Netherlands, dealing in financial speculations.
Talking Points Memo | Breaking News and Analysis LegiStorm: Transparency's Sidekick - Congressional Staff Salaries and More Intelligence Literature This brief bibliography of intelligence literature provides a wide spectrum of views on intelligence and the Central Intelligence Agency. The readings cover history, technology, opinion, and some of the key personalities associated with intelligence. The book lists offer the reader personal and academic views on intelligence, its role in national security, and the forces that have shaped it over the years. This is not intended to be a complete list of works on intelligence, and it will be updated as needed. Inclusion of a work on the list does not imply endorsement by the US Government or any of its agencies or branches. Questions, suggestions and comments are welcomed and should be sent to: Contact Us Note: Central Intelligence Agency publications are linked to those books on our website. Willam B. Grant’s Secret Service: The Intelligence War from Belmont to Appomattox.Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2002.A look General Ulysses Grant's use of intelligence in the Civil War. P.K.
Every Man in This Village is a Liar: An Education in War (9780385527163): Megan Stack Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History (Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics) (9780691145686): Thomas Barfield Bipolar coordinates Bipolar coordinate system The term "bipolar" is sometimes used to describe other curves having two singular points (foci), such as ellipses, hyperbolas, and Cassini ovals. However, the term bipolar coordinates is reserved for the coordinates described here, and never used to describe coordinates associated with those other curves, such as elliptic coordinates. Geometric interpretation of the bipolar coordinates. Definition[edit] The most common definition of bipolar coordinates (σ, τ) is where the σ-coordinate of a point P equals the angle F1 P F2 and the τ-coordinate equals the natural logarithm of the ratio of the distances d1 and d2 to the foci (Recall that F1 and F2 are located at (−a, 0) and (a, 0), respectively.) Curves of constant σ and τ[edit] The curves of constant σ correspond to non-concentric circles that intersect at the two foci. The curves of constant are non-intersecting circles of different radii that surround the foci but again are not concentric. Scale factors[edit] and H.
Combat Techniques: An Elite Forces Guide to Modern Infantry Tactics (9780312368241): Martin J. Dougherty, Chris McNab Small Wars Journal The Best Defense | FOREIGN POLICY Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck Early life[edit] Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck was born into the Pomeranian minor nobility, while his father was stationed as an army officer at Saarlouis in the Prussian Rhine Province. He was educated in boarding schools in Berlin and joined the corps of cadets at Potsdam and Berlin-Lichterfelde. Military career[edit] In 1900, Lettow-Vorbeck was posted to China as a member of the international alliance forces to quell the Boxer Rebellion. Beginning in 1904, he was assigned to German South-West Africa (now Namibia), during the Namaqua and Herero insurrection. In 1907, Lettow-Vorbeck was promoted to Major and assigned to the staff of 11th Army Corps. While travelling to his new assignment, Lettow-Vorbeck formed what would prove to be a lifelong friendship with Danish author Karen Blixen (also known by her pen name of Isak Dinesen), who was travelling aboard the same liner. First World War[edit] Great War poster of Lettow-Vorbeck leading African soldiers. Schutztruppe Askari Company (1914)
Army Green Beret Training by Stew Smith If you want to wear the green beret of the Army Special Forces, be warned, it takes more than the ability to do hundreds of push-ups. To make it in the Special Forces of any branch of the U.S. military, you need intelligence, an outstanding record of prior military service (at least three years), and high motivation - very high. But now, a new program will enable you to go straight to the SFAS after Army Boot Camp - skipping the 3 year wait! Ask your local Army Recruiter for more details. My next few columns are for those of you who think you have what it takes to go Special Forces. Getting Into SFAS The first step to wearing the Green Beret is to pass the Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course (SFAS). Visit Military.com's New Special Operations Forces Center If you're serious about applying for Special Forces, however, never settle for the minimum score in anything. Learn about available Special Operations Forces opportunities. Next Step: The Q Course The Workout
Diseconomy of scale Causes[edit] Communication costs[edit] Ideally, all employees of a firm would have one-on-one communication with each other so they know exactly what the other workers are doing. A firm with a single worker does not require any communication between employees. The one-on-one channels of communication grow more rapidly than the number of workers, thus increasing the time, and therefore costs, of communication. Duplication of effort[edit] A firm with only one employee can't have any duplication of effort between employees. Office politics[edit] "Office politics" is management behavior which a manager knows is counter to the best interest of the company, but is in his personal best interest. Top-heavy companies[edit] As a firm becomes too large, it becomes costly to keep control of a sprawling corporate empire and so often results in bureaucracy as executives implement more and more levels of management. Other effects which reduce competitiveness of large firms[edit] Cannibalization[edit]
Insurance According to study texts of The Chartered Insurance Institute, there are the following categories of risk:[1] Financial risks which means that the risk must have financial measurement.Pure risks which means that the risk must be real and not related to gamblingParticular risks which means that these risks are not widespread in their effect, for example such as earthquake risk for the region prone to it. It is commonly accepted that only financial, pure and particular risks are insurable. An insurer, or insurance carrier, is a company selling the insurance; the insured, or policyholder, is the person or entity buying the insurance policy. The transaction involves the insured assuming a guaranteed and known relatively small loss in the form of payment to the insurer in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate (indemnify) the insured in the case of a financial (personal) loss. History[edit] Early methods[edit] Merchants have sought methods to minimize risks since early times.