Fascism Fascism (/ˈfæʃɪzəm/) is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism,[1][2] characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and strong regimentation of society and of the economy,[3] which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.[4] The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I before it spread to other European countries.[4] Opposed to liberalism, Marxism and anarchism, fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.[5][6][7][4][8][9] Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes to the nature of war, society, the state and technology. The advent of total war and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. Etymology Definitions John Lukacs, Hungarian-American historian and Holocaust survivor, argues that there is no such thing as generic fascism. Position in the political spectrum "Fascist" as a pejorative History
William Shatner Shatner has also worked as a musician; an author; screenwriter and director; celebrity pitchman; and a passionate owner, trader, breeder, rider, and aficionado of horses. Early life[edit] Shatner was born in the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood of Montréal, Québec, Canada, to a Conservative Jewish household.[3] His parents are Anne (née Garmaise) and Joseph Shatner, a clothing manufacturer.[4][5] He has two sisters, Joy and Farla.[6] His paternal grandfather, Wolf Schattner, anglicized the family name to "Shatner".[7] All of Shatner's four grandparents were Jewish immigrants (from Austria-Hungary, Ukraine, and Lithuania).[8][9] Acting career[edit] Early stage, film, and television work[edit] Shatner publicity photo, 1958 In 1954, he was cast as Ranger Bob on The Canadian Howdy Doody Show.[18] Shatner was an understudy to Christopher Plummer; the two would later appear as adversaries in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. Star Trek[edit] Shatner as Capt. 1970s[edit] Kirk returns and T.
Nazism Nazism, or National Socialism in full (German: Nationalsozialismus), is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and state as well as other related far-right groups. Usually characterised as a form of fascism that incorporates scientific racism and antisemitism, Nazism originally developed from the influences of pan-Germanism, the Völkisch German nationalist movement and the anti-communist Freikorps paramilitary culture in post-First World War Germany, which many Germans felt had been left humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles. German Nazism subscribed to theories of racial hierarchy and social Darwinism, asserted the superiority of an Aryan master race, and criticised both capitalism and communism for being associated with Jewish materialism. The Nazi Party was founded as the pan-German nationalist and antisemitic German Workers' Party in January 1919. Etymology Position in the political spectrum Origins Völkisch nationalism
Text - H.R.4 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 Calendar No. 401 To reauthorize programs of the Federal Aviation Administration, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. (a) Short title. (b) Table of contents. Sec. 1. Except as otherwise expressly provided, this Act and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act. SEC. 101. (a) Authorization. “(1) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; “(2) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2019; “(3) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2020; “(4) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2021; “(5) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2022; and “(6) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2023.”. (b) Obligation authority. SEC. 102. (a) Authorization of appropriations from Airport and Airway Trust Fund. “(1) $3,330,000,000 for fiscal year 2018. “(2) $3,398,000,000 for fiscal year 2019. “(3) $3,469,000,000 for fiscal year 2020. “(4) $3,547,000,000 for fiscal year 2021. (b) Authorized expenditures. SEC. 103.
Socialism Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production,[10] as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.[11] Social ownership may refer to forms of public, collective or cooperative ownership, or to citizen ownership of equity.[12] There are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them,[13] though social ownership is the common element shared by its various forms.[5][14][15] Etymology The origin of the term "socialism" may be traced back and attributed to a number of originators, in addition to significant historical shifts in the usage and scope of the word. For Andrew Vincent, "[t]he word ‘socialism’ finds its root in the Latin sociare, which means to combine or to share. The term "socialism" was created by Henri de Saint-Simon, one of the founders of what would later be labelled "utopian socialism". History Early socialism Paris Commune Asia
Complexities: Women in Mathematics by Bettye Anne Case | 9780691114620 | Hardcover Complexities Women in Mathematics Princeton University Press Copyright © 2005 Princeton University Press All right reserved. Chapter One The women appearing in this chapter, inspirations for many currently active mathematicians, received their doctorates before 1960. Julia Robinson's mathematics led to her election as the first woman mathematician in the National Academy of Sciences (NAS); she was also the first woman elected president of the American Mathematical Society (AMS). Marjorie Lee Browne is the third African-American woman currently known to have earned a Ph.D. in mathematics; two of the women profiled in "A Dual Triumph," III.1, cite her as an inspiration. Familial connections abound in this chapter: both Ratto de Sadosky and Barnes had daughters who became mathematicians, while Ratto de Sadosky, Taussky Todd, and Robinson had mathematician husbands. In Her Own Words I came to the U.S. for the first time in 1934, and this is where the story really ought to begin. Reference
Feudalism Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. Although derived from the Latin word feodum or feudum (fief),[1] then in use, the term feudalism and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period. In its classic definition, by François-Louis Ganshof (1944),[2] feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs.[2] There is also a broader definition, as described by Marc Bloch (1939), that includes not only warrior nobility but all three estates of the realm: the nobility, the clerics and the peasantry bonds of manorialism; this is sometimes referred to as a "feudal society". Definition
Books of the Year 2015: Who Read What As a reader 2015 turns out for me to have been, to cop a phrase from Frank Sinatra, a very good year. I read the two greatest prose works in 18th-century English, and perhaps any other, literature: Edward Gibbon’s “The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” and James Boswell’s “The Life of Johnson.” I read both works, which together run to roughly 4,500 pages, in the early morning hours, slowly, at the rate of 15 or 20 pages a day. If St. Peter, or in my case St. Peterstein, as a requirement for gaining entry into heaven, pulls a quiz on either work, I am ready for the old boy. Mr. Free market For economic systems coordinated by either free markets or regulated markets, see Market economy. A free market is a market system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between sellers and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority. A free market contrasts with a controlled market or regulated market, in which government intervenes in supply and demand through non-market methods such as laws creating barriers to market entry or directly setting prices. A free market economy is a market-based economy where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy, and it typically entails support for highly competitive markets and private ownership of productive enterprises. Economic systems[edit] Laissez-faire economics[edit] Notes[edit]
Home | City of Cleveland Hannah Arendt Life and career[edit] Arendt was born into a secular family of German Jews in Linden (present-day Hanover), the daughter of Martha (born Cohn) and Paul Arendt.[7] She grew up in Königsberg (renamed Kaliningrad and annexed to the Soviet Union in 1946) and Berlin. At the University of Marburg, she studied philosophy with Martin Heidegger. According to Hans Jonas, her only German-Jewish classmate, Arendt embarked on a long and stormy romantic relationship with Heidegger, for which she later was criticized because of Heidegger's support for the Nazi Party when he was rector at the University of Freiburg. In the wake of one of their breakups, Arendt moved to Heidelberg, where she wrote her dissertation under the existentialist philosopher-psychologist Karl Jaspers on the concept of love in the thought of Saint Augustine. Paris[edit] New York[edit] Post-war[edit] A letter about Palestine signed by Albert Einstein, Hannah Arendt and others Death[edit] Works[edit] The Origins of Totalitarianism[edit]
Jackie Robinson dir. by Ken Burns, Sarah ... JSH's spring 1996 roundtable on Ken Burns's sweeping Baseball critiqued "the nostalgic element of 'Baseball' … the pat, knee-jerk homilies of the middle-aged male chorus of talking heads … the baseball equals democracy equals America equals eternal promise variety."1 Steven Riess found the documentary's treatment of broader sociocultural themes lacking, and Jules Tygiel critiqued Burns's treatment of "the Jackie Robinson story" as representative of the inconsistent accuracy and sentimentality that marked the larger project.2 The journal's spring 2014 roundtable on Warner Brothers' 2013 Jackie Robinson biopic 42 reflected its frustrated response to Baseball. Richard Crepeau observed an overemphasis on transformative progress, and Nikolas Hardy argued the film's treatment of Robinson "falls short in unearthing the roots of Robinson's strength of character."3