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Tetrahydrocannabinol

Tetrahydrocannabinol
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or more precisely its main isomer (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol ( (6aR,10aR)-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), is the principal psychoactive constituent (or cannabinoid) of the cannabis plant. First isolated in 1964, in its pure form, by Israeli scientists Raphael Mechoulam and Yechiel Gaoni at the Weizmann Institute of Science,[8][9][10] it is a glassy solid when cold, and becomes viscous and sticky if warmed. A pharmaceutical formulation of (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, known by its INN dronabinol, is available by prescription in the U.S. and Canada under the brand name Marinol. An aromatic terpenoid, THC has a very low solubility in water, but good solubility in most organic solvents, specifically lipids and alcohols.[6] Tetrahydrocannabinol with double bond isomers and their stereoisomers is one of only three cannabinoids scheduled by Convention on Psychotropic Substances (the other two are dimethylheptylpyran and parahexyl). Pharmacology[edit]

Tianeptine Antidepressant Tianeptine, sold under the brand names Stablon and Coaxil among others, is an atypical antidepressant which is used mainly in the treatment of major depressive disorder, although it may also be used to treat anxiety, asthma, and irritable bowel syndrome.[1][2][3] Tianeptine has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects[9] with a relative lack of sedative, anticholinergic, and cardiovascular side effects.[7][10] It has been found to act as an atypical agonist of the μ-opioid receptor with clinically negligible effects on the δ- and κ-opioid receptors.[11][12][13] Tianeptine was discovered and patented by the French Society of Medical Research in the 1960s. Medical uses[edit] Depression and anxiety[edit] Tianeptine has been found to be effective in depression, in people with Parkinson's disease,[19] and with post-traumatic stress disorder[20] for which it was as safe and effective as fluoxetine and moclobemide.[21] Other uses[edit] Contraindications[edit] Side effects[edit] The U.S.

Substituted phenylmorpholine Class of chemical compounds Substituted phenylmorpholines, or substituted phenmetrazines alternatively, are chemical derivatives of phenylmorpholine or of the psychostimulant drug phenmetrazine. Most such compounds act as releasers of monoamine neurotransmitters, and have stimulant effects. Various phenmetrazine derivatives The 2S,3S isomer of phendimetrazine (i.e. (2S,3S)-3,4-dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine) See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit] Media related to Substituted phenylmorpholines at Wikimedia Commons Toluene Chemical compound As the solvent in some types of paint thinner, permanent markers, contact cement and certain types of glue, toluene is sometimes used as a recreational inhalant[9] and has the potential of causing severe neurological harm.[10][11] History[edit] The compound was first isolated in 1837 through a distillation of pine oil by the Polish chemist Filip Walter, who named it rétinnaphte.[12] In 1841, French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville isolated a hydrocarbon from balsam of Tolu (an aromatic extract from the tropical Colombian tree Myroxylon balsamum), which Deville recognized as similar to Walter's rétinnaphte and to benzene; hence he called the new hydrocarbon benzoène.[13] In 1843, Jöns Jacob Berzelius recommended the name toluin.[14] In 1850, French chemist Auguste Cahours isolated from a distillate of wood a hydrocarbon which he recognized as similar to Deville's benzoène and which Cahours named toluène.[15] Chemical properties[edit] Miscibility[edit] Uses[edit]

Speedball (drug) Combination of narcotics Cocaine powder Heroin powder "National Trends in Drug Abuse, Summer 1998, Special Section: Speedballing". Tramadol Medication of the opioid type Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others,[1] is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain.[3] When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour.[3] It is also available by injection.[10] It may be sold in combination with paracetamol (acetaminophen) or as longer-acting formulations, such as ULTRACET (37.5 mg tramadol hydrochloride/ 325 mg acetaminophen tablets)[3][10][11] History, society and culture[edit] Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name "Tramal" in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.[14][15] In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.[14] It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.[1][3] In 2019, it was the 35th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 19 million prescriptions.[16][17]

Selegiline Monoamine oxidase inhibitor Selegiline acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and increases levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain. At typical clinical doses used for Parkinson's disease, selegiline is a selective and irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), increasing levels of dopamine in the brain. In larger doses (more than 20 mg/day), it loses its specificity for MAO-B and also inhibits MAO-A, which increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain. Medical uses[edit] Parkinson's disease[edit] Selegiline has also been used off-label as a palliative treatment for dementia in Alzheimer's disease.[6] Depression[edit] Selegiline is also delivered via a transdermal patch used as a treatment for major depressive disorder.[9][10] Administration of transdermal selegiline bypasses hepatic first pass metabolism. Special populations[edit] Side effects[edit] Interactions[edit] Pharmacology[edit] Pharmacodynamics[edit] Pharmacokinetics[edit] [edit] Patch[edit]

Salvia divinorum Salvia divinorum (also known as Diviner's Sage,[2] Ska María Pastora,[3] Seer's Sage,[4] and by its genus name Salvia) is a psychoactive plant which can induce "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences. Its native habitat is in cloud forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico, where it grows in shady and moist locations.[5][6] The plant grows to over a meter high,[1] has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. Botanists have not determined whether Salvia divinorum is a cultigen or a hybrid; native plants reproduce vegetatively, rarely producing viable seed.[7][8] Mazatec shamans have a long and continuous tradition of religious use of Salvia divinorum, using it to facilitate visionary states of consciousness during spiritual healing sessions.[1] Most of the plant's local common names allude to the Mazatec belief that the plant is an incarnation of the Virgin Mary, with its ritual use also invoking that relationship. History

Propylhexedrine Decongestant and stimulant drug Propylhexedrine, sold under the brand name Benzedrex, is a nasal decongestant, appetite suppressant, and psychostimulant medication. It is used medicinally for relief of congestion due to colds, allergies and allergic rhinitis. Propylhexedrine is most commonly found in over-the-counter Benzedrex inhalers. Propylhexedrine has also seen use in Europe as an appetite suppressant, under the trade name Obesin.[2] Additionally, it is found in the anticonvulsant preparation barbexaclone, where its S-isomer (levopropylhexedrine or L-propylhexedrine) is bonded with phenobarbital for the purpose of offsetting the barbiturate-induced sedation.[2] Levopropylhexedrine is also used as an anorectic, under the brand name Eventin.[3] Medical use[edit] Propylhexedrine is used to treat acute nasal congestion related to common cold,[1] allergies and hay fever. Contraindications[edit] Pharmacology[edit] [edit] Chemistry[edit] Synthesis[edit] Preparation of propylhexedrine[16]

Pregabalin Anticonvulsant drug for treating convulsive, anxious and painfull conditions Anticonvulsant drug Pregabalin, sold under the brand name Lyrica among others, is an anticonvulsant and anxiolytic medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, restless leg syndrome, opioid withdrawal and generalized anxiety disorder.[10][11][12] Its use in epilepsy is as an add-on therapy for partial seizures.[10] When used before surgery, it reduces pain but results in greater sedation and visual disturbances.[13] It is taken by mouth.[10] Medical uses[edit] Box of 150 mg Lyrica (pregabalin) capsules from Finland Seizures[edit] Pregabalin is useful when added to other treatments, when those other treatments are not controlling partial epilepsy.[25] Its use alone is less effective than some other seizure medications.[26] It is unclear how it compares to gabapentin for this use.[26] Neuropathic pain[edit] Anxiety disorders[edit] Other uses[edit] Adverse effects[edit] Withdrawal symptoms[edit] [edit]

Poppy tea Dried poppy seed pods and stems (plate), and seeds (bowl) Poppy tea is a herbal tea infusion brewed from poppy straw or seeds of several species of poppy. The species most commonly used for this purpose is Papaver somniferum, which produces opium as a natural defense against predators. In the live flower, opium is released when the surface of the bulb, called the seed pod, is pierced or scraped. The tea is consumed for its narcotic effect, and in small amounts for analgesic, anti-diarrheal, and sedative effects.[1][failed verification] It has also been known to be used as a method of relieving withdrawal symptoms. This tea is depicted both in Asian literature and Western literature, and is depicted as being available in opium dens.[2][3] Legality[edit] Netherlands[edit] In the Netherlands, all parts of Papaver somniferum after harvesting (except for the seeds) are illegal by law, as they are List I drugs of the Opium Law. United States[edit] Canada[edit] Chemical composition[edit] Deaths[edit]

Poppers Class of recreational drug Popper is a slang term given broadly to drugs of the chemical class called alkyl nitrites that are inhaled. Most widely sold products include the original isoamyl nitrite or isopentyl nitrite, and isopropyl nitrite. Popper use has a relaxation effect on involuntary smooth muscles, such as those in the throat and anus.[1][2] It is used for practical purposes to facilitate anal sex by increasing blood flow and relaxing sphincter muscles.[3] The drug is also used for recreational drug purposes, typically for the "high" or "rush" that the drug can create. Poppers were part of club culture from the mid-1970s disco scene and returned to popularity in the 1980s and 1990s rave scene.[4][5] History[edit] 19th-century discovery[edit] Amyl nitrites were originally enclosed in a glass mesh called "pearls". 20th-century use[edit] Chemistry[edit] Poppers contain a class of chemicals called alkyl nitrites. Administration and effects[edit] Administration[edit] Principal effect[edit]

Phenmetrazine Chemical compound Phenmetrazine (INN, USAN, BAN) (brand name Preludin, and many others) is a stimulant drug first synthesized in 1952 and originally used as an appetite suppressant, but withdrawn from the market in the 1980s due to widespread abuse. It was initially replaced by its analogue phendimetrazine (under the brand name Prelu-2) which functions as a prodrug to phenmetrazine, but now it is rarely prescribed, due to concerns of abuse and addiction. Chemically, phenmetrazine is a substituted amphetamine with a morpholine ring. History[edit] Phenmetrazine was first patented in Germany in 1952 by Boehringer-Ingelheim,[1][2] with some pharmacological data published in 1954.[3] It was the result of a search by Thomä and Wick for an anorectic drug without the side-effects of amphetamine.[4] Phenmetrazine was introduced into clinical use in 1954 in Europe.[5] Medical use[edit] Pharmacology[edit] After an oral dose, about 70% of the drug is excreted from the body within 24 hours.

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