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Scotland

Scotland
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Ireland Island in the North Atlantic Ocean Ireland ( YRE-lənd; Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( Geopolitically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially named Ireland), an independent state covering five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. As of 2022, the population of the entire island is just over 7 million, with 5.1 million living in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million in Northern Ireland, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain.[5] The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century AD. Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the field of literature. Etymology The names Ireland and Éire derive from Old Irish Ériu, a goddess in Irish mythology first recorded in the ninth century. History Prehistoric Ireland Gaelicisation Partition

Wales Country in northwest Europe, part of the United Kingdom Wales (Welsh: Cymru [ˈkəmri] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.[10] It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, development of the mining and metallurgical industries transformed the country from an agricultural society into an industrial nation; the South Wales Coalfield's exploitation caused a rapid expansion of Wales' population. Although Wales closely shares its political and social history with the rest of Great Britain and, while a majority of the population in most areas speaks English as a first language, the country has retained a distinct cultural identity. Etymology History Prehistoric origins Roman era Post-Roman era Medieval Wales Statue of Owain Glyndŵr (c. 1354 or 1359 – c. 1416) at Cardiff City Hall

Amsterdam Capital and most populous city of the Netherlands Capital city and municipality in North Holland, Netherlands Amsterdam ( AM-stər-dam, AM-stər-DAM,[9][10] Dutch: [ˌɑmstərˈdɑm] ( listen), lit. Amsterdam was founded at the Amstel, that was dammed to control flooding; the city's name derives from the Amstel dam.[16] Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, and became the leading centre for the finance and trade sectors.[17] In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned and built. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange is considered the oldest "modern" securities market stock exchange in the world. A few of Amsterdam's notable residents throughout its history include: painters Rembrandt and Van Gogh, the diarist Anne Frank, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. History[edit] Prehistory[edit] Etymology and founding[edit]

Rick Steves' Travel Blog Valencia Municipality in Spain Municipality in Valencian Community, Spain Valencia (Spanish: [baˈlenθja]), officially València (Valencian: [vaˈlensia]),[5] is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, surpassing 800,000 inhabitants in the municipality. The wider urban area also comprising the neighbouring municipalities has a population of around 1.6 million.[3][6] Valencia is Spain's third-largest metropolitan area, with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million[2] depending on how the metropolitan area is defined. The Port of Valencia is the 5th-busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea. Name[edit] Roman cornucopia, symbol of Valentia, found on the floor of a Roman building excavated in the Plaça de la Mare de Déu Geography[edit] Location[edit] Valencia and surroundings as seen by the ESA's Sentinel-2 satellite Climate[edit] History[edit] Roman colony[edit] Middle ages[edit] Falles

Seville Municipality in Andalusia, Spain Seville (; Spanish: Sevilla [seˈβiʎa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016[update], and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million, making it the largest city in Andalusia, the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union. The 20th century in Seville saw the tribulations of the Spanish Civil War, decisive cultural milestones such as the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 and Expo '92, and the city's election as the capital of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. Name[edit] Etymology[edit] Hisbaal is the oldest name for Seville. The city is sometimes referred to as the "Pearl of Andalusia". Motto[edit] History[edit] Seville is approximately 2,200 years old.

Barcelona City in Catalonia, Spain City and municipality in Catalonia, Spain Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. After joining with the Kingdom of Aragon to form the confederation of the Crown of Aragon, Barcelona, which continued to be the capital of the Principality of Catalonia, became the most important city in the Crown of Aragon and the main economic and administrative centre of the Crown, only to be overtaken by Valencia, wrested from Arab domination by the Catalans, shortly before the dynastic union between the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1492. Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination. Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner, which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Names History Pre-history Roman Barcelona Medieval Barcelona Barcelona under the Spanish monarchy Geography Tram

Zaragoza Place in Aragon, Spain On 1 January 2019 the population of the city of Zaragoza was 706,904,[5] within its administrative limits on a land area of 1,062.64 square kilometres (410.29 square miles), ranking fifth in Spain. It is the 32nd most populous municipality in the European Union. The population of the metropolitan area was estimated in 2006 at 783,763 inhabitants. The municipality is home to more than 50 percent of the Aragonese population. The city lies at an elevation of 199 metres (653 feet) above sea level. Zaragoza hosted Expo 2008 in the summer of 2008, a world's fair on water and sustainable development. The city is famous for its folklore, local gastronomy, and landmarks such as the Basílica del Pilar, La Seo Cathedral and the Aljafería Palace. Etymology[edit] The Romans called the ancient city Caesaraugusta, from which the present name derives. History[edit] Roman Caesaraugusta[edit] Taifa of Zaragoza[edit] Aragonese era[edit] Modern history[edit] Demographics[edit] Climate[edit]

Málaga Municipality in Andalusia, Spain Málaga (, Spanish: [ˈmalaɣa]) is a municipality of Spain, capital of the Province of Málaga, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. With a population of 571,026 in 2018,[4] it is the second-most populous city in Andalusia after Seville and the sixth most populous in Spain. It lies on the Costa del Sol (Coast of the Sun) of the Mediterranean, about 100 kilometres (62.14 miles) east of the Strait of Gibraltar and about 130 km (80.78 mi) north of Africa. Málaga's history spans about 2,800 years, making it one of the oldest cities in Europe and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism, construction and technology services, but other sectors such as transportation and logistics are beginning to expand. History[edit] A 19th-century reconstruction of Moorish Malaqah In the 8th century, the city became an important regional trade center. Ceramic plate from Málaga (14th century) Other

Murcia Municipality in Spain Murcia (, also ,[3][4][5] Spanish: [ˈmuɾθja] ( Murcia was founded by the emir of Cordoba Abd ar-Rahman II in 825 with the name Mursiyah (Arabic: مرسية). It is now mainly a services city and a university town. Highlights for visitors include the Cathedral of Murcia and a number of baroque buildings, renowned local cuisine, Holy Week procession works of art by the famous Murcian sculptor Francisco Salzillo, and the Fiestas de Primavera (Spring Festival). The city, as the capital of the comarca Huerta de Murcia is called Europe's orchard due to its long agricultural tradition and its fruit, vegetable, and flower production and exports. Murcia is located near the center of a low-lying fertile plain known as the huerta (orchard or vineyard) of Murcia. The best known and most dominant aspect of the municipal area's landscape is the orchard. History[edit] The 13th-century arqueological site of San Esteban Geography[edit] Segura River[edit] Murcia is located in the Segura valley

Palma de Mallorca City and Municipality in Balearic Islands, Spain Palma, fully known as Palma de Mallorca[3] ( or , Catalan: [ˈpalmə], Spanish: [ˈpalma]), is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain.[4] It is situated on the south coast of Mallorca on the Bay of Palma. The Cabrera Archipelago, though widely separated from Palma proper, is administratively considered part of the municipality. As of 2018[update], Palma Airport serves over 29 million passengers per year. History[edit] Palma was founded as a Roman camp upon the remains of a Talaiotic settlement. Roman period[edit] After the conquest of Mallorca, the city was loosely incorporated into the province of Tarraconensis by 123 BC; the Romans founded two new cities: Palma on the south of the island, and Pollentia in the northeast — on the site of a Phoenician settlement. Byzantine period[edit] Muslim period[edit] Between 902 and 1229, the city was under Islamic control. Under the Emirate of Córdoba[edit]

Bilbao Municipality in Basque Country, Spain Bilbao is situated in the north-central part of Spain, some 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of the Bay of Biscay, where the economic social development is located, where the estuary of Bilbao is formed. Its main urban core is surrounded by two small mountain ranges with an average elevation of 400 metres (1,300 ft).[11] Its climate is shaped by the Bay of Biscay low-pressure systems and mild air, moderating summer temperatures by Iberian standards, with low sunshine and high rainfall. The annual temperature range is low for its latitude. Bilbao is also home to football club Athletic Club de Bilbao, a significant symbol for Basque nationalism[18] due to its promotion of only Basque players and one of the most successful clubs in Spanish football history. Etymology[edit] There is no consensus among historians about the origin of the name. Demonym[edit] Symbols[edit] Titles Coat of arms The coat of arms of Bilbao The coat of arms is emblazoned as follows: Flag

Córdoba, Spain Municipality in Andalusia, Spain Today, Córdoba is still home to many notable pieces of Moorish architecture such as The Mezquita, which was named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984 and is now a Cathedral. The UNESCO status has since been expanded to encompass the whole historic centre of Córdoba. Córdoba has the highest summer temperatures in Spain and Europe, with average high temperatures around 37 °C (99 °F) in July and August.[10] History[edit] Prehistory, antiquity and Roman foundation of the city[edit] The first traces of human presence in the area are remains of a Neanderthal Man, dating to c. 42,000 to 35,000 BC.[11] Pre-urban settlements around the mouth of the Guadalquivir river are known to have existed from the 8th century BC. In 169 Roman consul M. It became a colonia with the title Patricia, between 46 and 45 BC.[15][full citation needed] It was sacked by Caesar in 45 due to its Pompeian allegiance, and settled with veterans by Augustus. Umayyad rule[edit] Geography[edit]

Valladolid Municipality in Castile and León, Spain Valladolid (, Spanish: [baʎaðoˈlið] ( listen)) is a city in Spain and the de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It has a population of 309,714 people (2013 est.),[2] making it Spain's 13th most populous municipality and northwestern Spain's biggest city. Its metropolitan area ranks 20th in Spain with a population of 414,244 people in 23 municipalities. Etymology[edit] Vallisoletum, 1574, by Braun and Hogenberg. There is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid. The city is also popularly called Pucela, a nickname whose origin is not clear, but may refer to knights in the service of Joan of Arc, known as La Pucelle. History[edit] Map of the territory of the Vaccaei The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe, the first people with stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of the River Duero documented in historical times. Valisolet, 1640, engraved by Germans Daniel Meisner and Paulus Fürst. Climate[edit]

regarde bien tout est marqué c'est pour chaque lundi by mrgilles Jun 2

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