Black body As the temperature of a black body decreases, its intensity also decreases and its peak moves to longer wavelengths. Shown for comparison is the classical Rayleigh–Jeans law and its ultraviolet catastrophe. A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. A black body in thermal equilibrium (that is, at a constant temperature) emits electromagnetic radiation called black-body radiation. The radiation is emitted according to Planck's law, meaning that it has a spectrum that is determined by the temperature alone (see figure at right), not by the body's shape or composition. A black body in thermal equilibrium has two notable properties:[1] It is an ideal emitter: it emits as much or more energy at every frequency than any other body at the same temperature.It is a diffuse emitter: the energy is radiated isotropically, independent of direction. Definition[edit] Idealizations[edit] Realizations[edit]
holography « LifeOS: exploring the system that executes DNA It all starts with the properties of laser light. Of course you know how a laser is created. Ordinary light is beamed through a crystal. The properties of laser light are still being explored, but those already discovered have revolutionized modern technology. What makes a hologram work is that the two beams of laser light that illuminate the object are not only the same type, but in perfect synchronization. The resulting pattern is meaningless when seen in ordinary light, but when illuminated by the original laser, it produces a 3D image of the original object. The interference patterns captured on film are not focused by a lens and therefore the information thus recorded is evenly distributed over the recording surface. Quoted from, “The Holographic Universe”, by Michael Talbot The “whole in every part” nature of a hologram provides us with an entirely new way of understanding organization and order. A Coherent Electromagnetic Field Holographic Memory More from Michael Talbot:
Casimir effect Casimir forces on parallel plates A water wave analogue of the Casimir effect. Two parallel plates are submerged into colored water contained in a sonicator. When the sonicator is turned on, waves are excited imitating vacuum fluctuations; as a result, the plates attract to each other. The typical example is of two uncharged metallic plates in a vacuum, placed a few nanometers apart. Dutch physicists Hendrik B. In modern theoretical physics, the Casimir effect plays an important role in the chiral bag model of the nucleon; and in applied physics, it is significant in some aspects of emerging microtechnologies and nanotechnologies.[8] Any medium supporting oscillations has an analogue of the Casimir effect. Overview[edit] Possible causes[edit] Vacuum energy[edit] Main article: Vacuum energy Summing over all possible oscillators at all points in space gives an infinite quantity. Relativistic van der Waals force[edit] Effects[edit] . ). depends on the shape, and so one should write , at point p.
Beats. From Physclips Interference and consonance The ratios 3:2 and 5:4 are called (by many Western people, at least), musical consonances (in just intonation). In this example, one tone remains constant at 400 Hz. Here are some more consonances in just intonation. and here a scale constructed using the notes used the consonances given above, plus two consonances at 5:4 and 3:2 based on the fifth note in the scale. However, this has taken us some distance from beats and Tartini tones. Tuning a guitar with beats and harmonics Here I use the fourth 'harmonic' on the low E string and the third 'harmonic' on the A string. Look at the soundtrack. In the clip above, we notice that, because of the finite ring time of the strings, there is a limit to the precision of the tuning. What beats have to do with Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
Franck–Hertz experiment Photograph of a vacuum tube with a drop of mercury that's used for the Franck–Hertz experiment in instructional laboratories. A - anode disk. G - metal mesh grid. C - cathode assembly; the cathode itself is hot, and glows orange. The Franck–Hertz experiment was the first electrical measurement to clearly show the quantum nature of atoms, and thus "transformed our understanding of the world".[1] It was presented on April 24, 1914 to the German Physical Society in a paper by James Franck and Gustav Hertz.[2][3] Franck and Hertz had designed a vacuum tube for studying energetic electrons that flew through a thin vapor of mercury atoms. These experimental results proved to be consistent with the Bohr model for atoms that had been proposed the previous year by Niels Bohr. On December 10, 1926, Franck and Hertz were awarded the 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom The experiment[edit] Effect in other gases[edit]
Stern–Gerlach experiment Basic theory and description[edit] Quantum spin versus classical magnet in the Stern–Gerlach experiment Basic elements of the Stern–Gerlach experiment. The Stern–Gerlach experiment involves sending a beam of particles through an inhomogeneous magnetic field and observing their deflection. The results show that particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum that is closely analogous to the angular momentum of a classically spinning object, but that takes only certain quantized values. The experiment is normally conducted using electrically neutral particles or atoms. If the experiment is conducted using charged particles like electrons, there will be a Lorentz force that tends to bend the trajectory in a circle (see cyclotron motion). Spin values for fermions. Electrons are spin-1⁄2 particles. For electrons there are two possible values for the spin angular momentum that is measured along an axis. The constants c1 and c2 are complex numbers. one of the two possible values of j is found.
Quantum Zeno effect The name comes from Zeno's arrow paradox which states that, since an arrow in flight is not seen to move during any single instant, it cannot possibly be moving at all.[note 1] The first rigorous and general derivation of this effect was presented in 1974 by Degasperis et al. [4] However it has to be mentioned that Alan Turing described it in 1954:[5] It is easy to show using standard theory that if a system starts in an eigenstate of some observable, and measurements are made of that observable N times a second, then, even if the state is not a stationary one, the probability that the system will be in the same state after, say, one second, tends to one as N tends to infinity; that is, that continual observations will prevent motion …— Alan Turing as quoted by A. Hodges in Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker p. 54 resulting in the earlier name Turing paradox. One should also mention another crucial problem related to the effect. Description[edit] In 1989, David J. Notes[edit]
Aharonov–Bohm effect Werner Ehrenberg and Raymond E. Siday first predicted the effect in 1949,[3] and similar effects were later published by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm in 1959.[4] After publication of the 1959 paper, Bohm was informed of Ehrenberg and Siday's work, which was acknowledged and credited in Bohm and Aharonov's subsequent 1961 paper.[5][6] Subsequently, the effect was confirmed experimentally by several authors; a general review can be found in Peshkin and Tonomura (1989).[7] Significance[edit] The Aharonov–Bohm effect is important conceptually because it bears on three issues apparent in the recasting of (Maxwell's) classical electromagnetic theory as a gauge theory, which before the advent of quantum mechanics could be argued to be a mathematical reformulation with no physical consequences. The Aharonov–Bohm thought experiments and their experimental realization imply that the issues were not just philosophical. The three issues are: Potentials vs. fields[edit] Magnetic solenoid effect[edit] .
General Relativity For Tellytubbys General Relativity For Teletubbies Special Relativity, Postulate 1 Sir Kevin Aylward B.Sc., Warden of the Kings Ale Back to the Contents section Overview This section is about clarifying what the 1st postulate of Special Relativity really means, i.e. the uniform motion one. "Mathematics was not sufficiently refined in 1917 to cleave apart the demands for "no prior geometry" and for a geometric, co-ordinate independent formulation of physics. This statement essentially says that "Relativity" was used as a backbone for General Relativity, but was mistakenly referred to as "covariance". This confusion still persists today, even for those with Ph.D. Postulate 1 of Special Relativity Many words and phrases abound, that all profess to be cast under the banner of the "Principle of Relativity" or POR. 1 The laws of physics are independent of inertial frames. 2 The mathematical form of the laws of physics are independent of co-ordinate systems. 3 All uniform or inertial motion is relative. Etc… etc…