5.9 kiloyear event
The 5.9 kiloyear event was one of the most intense aridification events during the Holocene Epoch. It occurred around 3900 BC (5,900 years BP), ending the Neolithic Subpluvial and probably initiated the most recent desiccation of the Sahara desert. Cause[edit] Effects[edit] In the Middle East the 5.9 kiloyear event contributed to the abrupt end of the Ubaid period.[7] It was associated with an abandonment of unwalled villages and the rapid growth of hierarchically structured walled cities, and in the Jemdet Nasr period, with the first book-keeping scripts. See also[edit] References[edit]
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Red Pyramid
The Red Pyramid was not always red. It used to be cased with white Tura limestone, but only a few of these stones now remain at the pyramid's base, at the corner. During the Middle Ages much of the white Tura limestone was taken for buildings in Cairo, revealing the durable reddish granite stone beneath. Isometric, plan and elevation images of the Red Pyramid Complex taken from a 3d model This pyramid forms the third largest granite building in the whole world to the present. History[edit] Comparison of approximate profiles of Red Pyramid with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Archaeologists speculate its design may be an outcome of engineering crises experienced during the construction of Sneferu's two earlier pyramids. Modern day[edit] Detail of the massive corbel-vaulted ceiling of the main burial chamber The Red Pyramid, along with the Bent Pyramid, was closed to tourists for many years because of a nearby army camp. See also[edit] References[edit] Romer, John (2007).
Minoan civilization
Map of Minoan Crete The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and flourished from approximately the 27th century BC to the 15th century BC.[1] It was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Arthur Evans. Will Durant referred to it as "the first link in the European chain."[2] The early inhabitants of Crete settled as early as 128,000 BC, during the Middle Paleolithic age.[3][4] It was not until 5000 BC that the first signs of advanced agriculture appeared, marking the beginning of civilization. Overview[edit] The term "Minoan" was coined by Arthur Evans after the mythic "king" Minos.[5] Minos was associated in Greek myth with the labyrinth, which Evans identified with the site at Knossos. Chronology and history[edit] Rather than associate absolute calendar dates for the Minoan period, archaeologists use two systems of relative chronology. History[edit] Geography[edit]
Meidum
Located about 100 km south of modern Cairo, Meidum or Maidum (Arabic: ميدوم) is the location of a large pyramid, and several large mud-brick mastabas. Pyramid[edit] The structure of the pyramid Passageway in the Meidum Pyramid The pyramid at Meidum is thought to have been originally built for Huni, the last pharaoh of the Third Dynasty, and was continued by Sneferu. The second extension turned the original step pyramid design into a true pyramid by filling in the steps with limestone encasing. Another view of Meidum Pyramid Some[who?] By the time it was investigated by Napoleon's Expedition in 1799 the Meidum Pyramid had its present 3 steps. Excavations[edit] The Meidum Pyramid was excavated by John Shae Perring in 1837, Lepsius in 1843 and then by Flinders Petrie later in the nineteenth century, who located the mortuary temple, facing to the east. Mortuary Temple of Meidum Pyramid Mastabas[edit] The stone sarcophagus remains within the unmarked and undecorated granite built chamber.
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary, Queen of Scots (7/8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart[3] or Mary I of Scotland, was queen regnant of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 and queen consort of France from 10 July 1559 to 5 December 1560. Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was 6 days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death on 5 December 1560. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month he married Mary. Childhood and early reign[edit] Treaty of Greenwich[edit] Coin of 1553: obverse, coat of arms of Scotland; reverse, royal monogram Life in France[edit]
Thinis
Due to its ancient heritage, Thinis remained a significant religious centre, housing the tomb and mummy of the regional deity. In ancient Egyptian religious cosmology, as seen (for example) in the Book of the Dead, Thinis played a role as a mythical place in heaven.[1] Although the precise location of Thinis is unknown, mainstream Egyptological consensus places it in the vicinity of ancient Abydos and modern Girga.[2][3][4] Name and location[edit] The name Thinis is derived from Manetho's use of the adjective Thinite to describe the pharaoh Menes.[5] Although the corresponding Thinis does not appear in Greek, it is demanded by the Egyptian original[2] and is the more popular name among Egyptologists.[5][6] This is also suggested.[7] History[edit] Nearby Abydos (Osireion pictured), after ceding its political rank to Thinis, remained an important religious centre. Pre-dynastic and Early Dynastic periods[edit] Old Kingdom[edit] New Kingdom and Late Period[edit] Religion[edit] References[edit]
Hatshepsut
For other ancient Egyptians called Maatkare, see Maatkare. Hatshepsut (/hætˈʃɛpsʊt/;[4] also Hatchepsut; meaning Foremost of Noble Ladies;[5] 1507–1458 BC) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, the first being Sobekneferu.[6] (Various other women may have also ruled as pharaohs regnant or at least regents before Hatshepsut, as early as Neithhotep around 1600 years prior.) Hatshepsut came to the throne of Egypt in 1478 BC. Reign[edit] Jar bearing the cartouche of Hatshepsut. Trade with other countries was re-established; here trees transported by ship from Punt are shown being moved ashore for planting in Egypt—relief from Hatshepsut mortuary temple Hatshepsut was described as having a reign of about 22 years by ancient authors. Dating the beginning of her reign is more difficult, however. Major accomplishments[edit] Trade routes[edit] Building projects[edit] Copper or bronze sheet bearing the name of Hatshepsut.
