Socrates of Constantinople Socrates of Constantinople (/ˈsɒkrətiːz/; Greek: Σωκράτης), also known as Socrates Scholasticus,[1] not to be confused with the Classical Greek philosopher Socrates, was a Greek Christian church historian, a contemporary of Sozomen and Theodoret, who used his work; he was born at Constantinople c. 380: the date of his death is unknown. Even in ancient times nothing seems to have been known of his life except what can be gathered from notices in his Historia Ecclesiastica ("Church History"), which departed from its ostensible model, Eusebius of Caesarea, in emphasizing the place of the emperor in church affairs and in giving secular as well as church history. Socrates' teachers, noted in his prefaces, were the grammarians Helladius and Ammonius, who came to Constantinople from Alexandria, where they had been pagan priests. A revolt, accompanied by an attack on the pagan temples, had forced them to flee. The Historia Ecclesiastica[edit] Socrates' account is in many respects well-balanced.
Thucydides Thucydides (/θjuːˈsɪdɨdiːz/; Greek: Θουκυδίδης, Thoukudídēs; c. 460 – c. 395 BC) was an Athenian historian, political philosopher and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work.[1] He has also been called the father of the school of political realism, which views the relations between nations as based on might rather than right.[2] His text is still studied at advanced military colleges worldwide, and the Melian dialogue remains a seminal work of international relations theory. Life[edit] In spite of his stature as a historian, modern historians know relatively little about Thucydides' life. Evidence from the Classical Period[edit] Later sources[edit] Pericles
Plutarch Plutarch (/ˈpluːtɑrk/; Greek: Πλούταρχος, Ploútarkhos, Koine Greek: [plǔːtarkʰos]; later named, on his becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Λούκιος Μέστριος Πλούταρχος);[a] c. 46 – 120 AD),[1] was a Greek historian, biographer, and essayist, known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia.[2] He is considered today to be a Middle Platonist. Early life[edit] Ruins of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, where Plutarch served as one of the priests responsible for interpreting the predictions of the oracle. Plutarch was born to a prominent family in the small town of Chaeronea about twenty miles east of Delphi in the Greek region known as Boeotia. His family was wealthy. His brothers, Timon and Lamprias, are frequently mentioned in his essays and dialogues, where Timon is spoken of in the most affectionate terms. The exact number of his sons is not certain, although two of them, Autobulus and second Plutarch, are often mentioned. Work as magistrate and ambassador[edit]
Zeno Zeno is the common anglicised form of the Greek name Zenon (Ζήνων), derived from the theonym Zeus. It may refer to: Historical people[edit] Philosophers[edit] Zeno of Elea (c. 490 – c. 430 BC), philosopher, follower of Parmenides, famed for his paradoxesZeno of Citium (333 BC – 264 BC), founder of the Stoic school of philosophyZeno of Tarsus (200s BC), Stoic philosopherZeno of Sidon (1st century BC), Epicurean philosopher Other persons of antiquity[edit] As a surname[edit] Modern given name[edit] Zeno Roth (born 1956), German musicianZenon Grocholewski (born 1939), Polish cardinalZenon Jaskuła (born 1962), Polish cyclistZenon Konopka (born 1981), Canadian/Polish hockey playerZenon Mikhailidis, Greek shooterZenon Panoussis, Greek Scientology opponent in Sweden and the NetherlandsZenon Pylyshyn (born 1937), Canadian cognitive scientistZenon de Souza Farias (born 1954), Brazilian footballer Fictional characters[edit] Other[edit] See also[edit]
Tacitus Roman historian and senator (c. 56 - c. 120) Publius Cornelius Tacitus,[note 1] known simply as Tacitus ( TAS-it-əs,[2][3] Latin: [ˈtakɪtʊs];[citation needed] c. AD 56 – c. 120), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historians by modern scholars.[4][5] Life[edit] Details about the personal life of Tacitus are scarce. Family and early life[edit] In his article on Tacitus in Pauly-Wissowa, I. There is no mention of Tacitus's suffering such a condition, but it is possible that this refers to a brother—if Cornelius was indeed his father.[14] The friendship between the younger Pliny and Tacitus leads some scholars to conclude that they were both the offspring of wealthy provincial families.[15] His ancestry, his skill in oratory, and his sympathetic depiction of barbarians who resisted Roman rule (e.g., Ann. 2.9) have led some to suggest that he was a Celt. Public life, marriage, and literary career[edit] Works[edit] The Histories[edit]
Parmenides Parmenides of Elea (/pɑrˈmɛnɨdiːz əv ˈɛliə/; Ancient Greek: Παρμενίδης ὁ Ἐλεάτης; fl. 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Magna Graecia. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem, On Nature, which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In "the way of truth" (a part of the poem), he explains how reality (coined as "what-is") is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, necessary, and unchanging. In "the way of opinion," he explains the world of appearances, in which one's sensory faculties lead to conceptions which are false and deceitful. Life[edit] On Nature[edit] Parmenides is one of the most significant of the pre-Socratic philosophers.[12] His only known work, conventionally titled On Nature, is a poem which has only survived in fragmentary form. Proem[edit] The Way of Truth[edit]
Sima Qian Sima Qian (Szu-ma Chien; c. 145 or 135 BC – 86 BC) was a Chinese historian of the Han dynasty. He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for his work, the Records of the Grand Historian, a Jizhuanti-style (纪传体) general history of China, covering more than two thousand years from the Yellow Emperor to his time, during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. Although he worked as the Court Astrologer (Chinese: 太史令; Tàishǐ Lìng), later generations refer to him as the Grand Historian (Chinese: 太史公; taishigong or tai-shih-kung) for his monumental work; a work which in later generations would often only be somewhat tacitly or glancingly acknowledged as an achievement only made possible by his acceptance and endurance of punitive actions against him, including imprisonment, castration, and subjection to servility. Early life and education[edit] As Han court official[edit] The Li Ling affair[edit] Portrait of Sima Qian Historian[edit] The first page of Shiji. Literary figure[edit] Astrologer[edit]
Heraclitus Heraclitus of Ephesus (/ˌhɛrəˈklaɪtəs/;[1] Greek: Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος, Hērákleitos ho Ephésios; c. 535 – c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher". Heraclitus is famous for his insistence on ever-present change in the universe, as stated in the famous saying, "No man ever steps in the same river twice"[2] (see panta rhei, below). Life[edit] Ephesus on the coast of Asia Minor, birthplace of Heraclitus Heraclitus was born to an aristocratic family in Ephesus, Anatolia, in what is now called present-day Efes, Turkey. Heraclitus' life as a philosopher was interrupted by dropsy.
Josephus Romano-Jewish historian (c. 37–c. 100) He initially fought against the Romans during the First Jewish–Roman War as head of Jewish forces in Galilee, until surrendering in 67 AD to Roman forces led by Vespasian after the six-week siege of Yodfat. Josephus claimed the Jewish Messianic prophecies that initiated the First Jewish–Roman War made reference to Vespasian becoming Emperor of Rome. In response, Vespasian decided to keep Josephus as a slave and presumably interpreter. After Vespasian became Emperor in 69 AD, he granted Josephus his freedom, at which time Josephus assumed the emperor's family name of Flavius.[4] Josephus recorded the First Jewish–Roman War (66–70 AD), including the siege of Masada. Biography[edit] Galilee, site of Josephus's governorship, before the First Jewish–Roman War Josephus was born into one of Jerusalem's elite families.[6] He was the second-born son of Matthias, a Jewish priest. Josephus's life story remains ambiguous. Scholarship and impact on history[edit]
Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics, music and astronomy. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BC and greatly influenced Platonism. Later revivals of Pythagorean doctrines led to what is now called Neopythagoreanism. Two schools[edit] According to tradition, Pythagoreanism developed at some point into two separate schools of thought: the mathēmatikoi (μαθηματικοί, Greek for "learners") andthe akousmatikoi (ἀκουσματικοί, Greek for "listeners"). The mathēmatikoi[edit] The mathēmatikoi were supposed to have extended and developed the more mathematical and scientific work begun by Pythagoras. The akousmatikoi[edit] The akousmatikoi focused on the more religious and ritualistic aspects of his teachings: they claimed that the mathēmatikoi were not genuinely Pythagorean, but followers of the "renegade" Pythagorean Hippasus. Natural philosophy[edit]
2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE Timeline : From Cave Paintings to the Internet 4339 entries. 93 themes. Last updated April 13, 2014. Circa 2,500,000 BCE – 500,000 BCE The First Industrial ComplexCirca 2,400,000 BCE – 1,400,000 BCE Homo habilisCirca 1,950,000 BCE – 1,780,000 BCE A New Hominid Species is Discovered with the Help of Satellite ImageryCirca 1,800,000 BCE The Oldest Hominin Fossils Found Outside of AfricaCirca 1,800,000 BCE – 141,000 BCE Pithecanthropus erectus, the First Known Specimen of Homo erectusCirca 1,800,000 BCEThe Earliest Completely Preserved Adult Hominid SkullCirca 1,650,000 BCE – 100,000 BCE Acheulean or Mode 2 IndustriesCirca 1,530,000 BCE – 1,510,000 BCE The Earliest Preserved Footprints of Our AncestorsCirca 1,500,000 BCE Early Humans Make Bone ToolsCirca 1,500,000 BCE – 790,000 BCE The Earliest HearthsCirca 1,500,000 BCE The Most Complete Early Human Skeleton Circa 1,400,000 BCE The Earliest Flint Tool Found in EuropeCirca 1,200,000 BCE The Earliest Human Remains from Western EuropeCirca 950,000 BCE – 780,000 BCE Evidence of Early Trade Routes?
Sophism The term originated from Greek σόφισμα, sophisma, from σοφίζω, sophizo "I am wise"; confer σοφιστής, sophistēs, meaning "wise-ist, one who does wisdom," and σοφός, sophós means "wise man". Etymology[edit] The Greek word sophist (sophistēs) derives from the words sophia, and sophos, meaning "wisdom" or “wise” since the time of Homer and was originally used to describe expertise in a particular knowledge or craft.[1] Gradually, however, the word also came to denote general wisdom and especially wisdom about human affairs (for example, in politics, ethics, or household management). This was the meaning ascribed to the Greek Seven Sages of 7th and 6th century BC (such as Solon and Thales), and it was the meaning that appeared in the histories of Herodotus. Richard Martin refers to the seven sages as "performers of political poetry. Sophists of ancient Greece[edit] Protagoras was one of the most well-known and successful teachers. Gorgias is another well-known Sophist. Modern usage[edit]