Gardner Murphy Gardner Murphy (July 8, 1895 – March 18, 1979) was an American psychologist specialising in social and personality psychology and parapsychology.[1] His career highlights included serving as president of the American Psychological Association, and of the British Society for Psychical Research.[2] Biography[edit] Family life and education[edit] Murphy was born on July 8, 1895 in Chillicothe, Ohio, US. Murphy was recognized for being generous and kind, such as offering assistance or loans if a student or colleague was in trouble.[4] He also spoke out against racial conflicts and advocated for peaceful relations. Inspiration[edit] Murphy was inspired by the works of psychologists and scientists such as Herbert Spencer, Sigmund Freud, William James and Charles Darwin. While researching William James, Murphy took interest in James' philosophical perspective. Career[edit] Murphy died on 18 March 1979 in Washington, D.C.[10] Contributions to psychology[edit] Social psychology[edit] Reception[edit]
Lacan, Jacques It would be fair to say that there are few twentieth century thinkers who have had such a far-reaching influence on subsequent intellectual life in the humanities as Jacques Lacan. Lacan's "return to the meaning of Freud" profoundly changed the institutional face of the psychoanalytic movement internationally. His seminars in the 1950s were one of the formative environments of the currency of philosophical ideas that dominated French letters in the 1960s and'70s, and which has come to be known in the Anglophone world as "post-structuralism." Both inside and outside of France, Lacan's work has also been profoundly important in the fields of aesthetics, literary criticism and film theory. This article seeks to outline something of the philosophical heritage and importance of Lacan's theoretical work. Table of Contents 1. a. Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan was born in Paris on April 13 1901 to a family of solid Catholic tradition, and was educated at a Jesuit school. b. c. 2. a. b. c. d. e. f.
Martin Buber He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature ten times, and Nobel Peace Prize seven times.[3] Biography[edit] Martin (Hebrew name: מָרְדֳּכַי, Mordechai) Buber was born in Vienna to an Orthodox Jewish family. Buber was a direct descendant of the 16th-century rabbi Meir Katzenellenbogen, known as the Maharam of Padua. Karl Marx is another notable relative.[4] After the divorce of his parents when he was three years old, he was raised by his grandfather in Lvov.[4] His grandfather, Solomon Buber, was a scholar of Midrash and Rabbinic Literature. Despite Buber's connection to the Davidic line as a descendant of Katzenellenbogen, a personal religious crisis led him to break with Jewish religious customs. In 1898, he joined the Zionist movement, participating in congresses and organizational work. Buber, initially, supported and celebrated the Great War as a 'world historical mission' for Germany along with Jewish intellectuals to civilize the Near East.[8] Major themes[edit] Ich-Du[edit]
Claude Lévi-Strauss - French Anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss was a notorious, internationally recognized French anthropologist and ethnologist who has had a decisive influence on the humanities in the second half of the twentieth century, including being one of the founding figures of structuralist thought. He was born on November 28, 1908 in Brussels (but from French parents) and died in Paris on October 31, 2009 at the age of 100. Lévi-Strauss comes from a Jewish family of both intellectual and artistic traditions, originally from Alsace near Strasbourg, not far from Germany. He is the son of Raymond and Emma Lévi-Strauss. During his childhood, the family lived mostly in Paris. Lévi-Strauss would move to Paris in the 16th district in order to do his high school studies, first at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly and secondly at the Lycée Condorcet. After high school Lévi-Strauss would continue his studies by going to Law School in Paris, where he would earn his degree before being admitted to the Sorbonne University.
Perspectivism Philosophical principle that perspectives and epistemology are always linked The basic principle that things are perceived differently from different perspectives (or that perspective determines one's limited and unprivileged access to knowledge) has sometimes been accounted as a rudimentary, uncontentious form of perspectivism.[14] The basic practice of comparing contradictory perspectives to one another may also be considered one such form of perspectivism ,[15] as may the entire philosophical problem of how true knowledge is to penetrate one's perspectival limitations.[16] Precursors and early developments[edit] Ancient Greek philosophy[edit] Montaigne[edit] Montaigne's philosophy presents in itself a perspectivism less as a doctrinaire position than as a core philosophical approach put into practice. Nietzsche[edit] In his works, Nietzsche makes a number of statements on perspective which at times contrast each other throughout the development of his philosophy. Later developments[edit]
Elements of Semiology by Roland Barthes Roland Barthes (1964) Source: Elements of Semiology, 1964, publ. Hill and Wang, 1968. The first half of the book is reproduced here. In his Course in General Linguistics, first published in 1916, Saussure postulated the existence of a general science of signs, or Semiology, of which linguistics would form only one part. The fact remains that, although Saussure's ideas have made great headway, semiology remains a tentative science. Thus, though working at the outset on nonlinguistic substances, semiology is required, sooner or later, to find language (in the ordinary sense of the term) in its path, not only as a model, but also as component, relay or signified. Though it will doubtless be required some day to change its character, semiology must first of all, if not exactly take definite shape, at least try itself out, explore its possibilities and impossibilities. These elements of semiology will therefore be grouped under four main headings borrowed from structural linguistics: I.
Charles W. Morris Charles William Morris (May 23, 1901 – January 15, 1979) was an American semiotician and philosopher. Early life and education[edit] A son of Charles William and Laura (Campbell) Morris, Charles William Morris was born on May 23, 1901, in Denver, Colorado. Morris briefly attended the University of Wisconsin, and later studied engineering and psychology at Northwestern University, where he graduated with a B.S. in 1922. That same year, he entered the University of Chicago where he became a doctoral student in philosophy under the direction of George Herbert Mead. Morris completed his dissertation on a symbolic theory of mind and received a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1925. Career[edit] After his graduation, Morris turned to teaching, first at Rice University, and later at the University of Chicago. During his time at Rice University, Morris wrote and defended his philosophical perspective known as neo-pragmatism. Semiotics[edit] to objects,to persons, andto other symbols.
Syncretism Syncretism (/ˈsɪŋkrətɪzəm/) is the combining of different beliefs, while blending practices of various schools of thought. Syncretism involves the merging or assimilation of several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, thus asserting an underlying unity and allowing for an inclusive approach to other faiths. Syncretism also occurs commonly in expressions of arts and culture (known as eclecticism) as well as politics (syncretic politics). Nomenclature[edit] The English word is first attested in the early 17th century,[1] from Modern Latin syncretismus, drawing on Greek συγκρητισμός (synkretismos), supposedly meaning "Cretan federation", but this is a spurious etymology from the naive idea in Plutarch's 1st-century AD essay on "Fraternal Love (Peri Philadelphias)" in his collection Moralia (2.490b). Social and political roles[edit] Religious syncretism[edit] Cultures and societies[edit] During the Enlightenment[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit]
Epicurus Ancient Greek philosopher For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to help people attain a happy, tranquil life characterized by ataraxia (peace and freedom from fear) and aponia (the absence of pain). He advocated that people were best able to pursue philosophy by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends. He taught that the root of all human neurosis is death denial and the tendency for human beings to assume that death will be horrific and painful, which he claimed causes unnecessary anxiety, selfish self-protective behaviors, and hypocrisy. According to Epicurus, death is the end of both the body and the soul and therefore should not be feared. Like Aristotle, Epicurus was an empiricist, meaning he believed that the senses are the only reliable source of knowledge about the world. Though popular, Epicurean teachings were controversial from the beginning. Life[edit] Upbringing and influences[edit] Map of Greece showing locations associated with Epicurus Death[edit] Texts
The Concept of Anxiety 1844 philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard All of Kierkegaard's books have either a preface, dedication, or prayer at the beginning. This book includes a lengthy introduction. For Kierkegaard, anxiety/dread/angst is "freedom's actuality as the possibility of possibility." Kierkegaard focuses on the first anxiety experienced by man: Adam's choice to eat from God's forbidden tree of knowledge or not. However, Kierkegaard mentions that anxiety is a way for humanity to be saved as well. Progress[edit] In 1793, forty-one years before Kierkegaard wrote The Concept of Anxiety, Immanuel Kant wrote his book Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone; his book elevated reason in the realm of Christianity.[6] Many continental philosophers wrote their books in relation to Kant's ideas. Søren Kierkegaard 1813–1855 Friedrich Schelling 1775–1854 Repentance is a recollection of guilt. I understand the words of Peter, "To whom shall we go?" Anxiety[edit] "That anxiety makes its appearance pivotal.
Übermensch Concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche The Übermensch (German pronunciation: [ˈʔyːbɐmɛnʃ] ; transl. "Overman", "Super-man") is a concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. In English[edit] The German prefix über can have connotations of superiority, transcendence, excessiveness, or intensity, depending on the words to which it is attached.[5] Mensch refers to a human being, not a male specifically as it is still sometimes erroneously believed. This-worldliness[edit] Nietzsche introduces the concept of the Übermensch in contrast to his understanding of the other-worldliness of Christianity: Zarathustra proclaims the will of the Übermensch to give meaning to life on earth, and admonishes his audience to ignore those who promise other-worldly fulfillment to draw them away from the earth.[7][8] Zarathustra declares that the Christian escape from this world also required the invention of an immortal soul separate from the earthly body. As a goal[edit] Use by the Nazis[edit] Notes