Anatomy Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of animals and their parts; it is also referred to as zootomy to separate it from human anatomy. In some of its facets, anatomy is related to embryology and comparative anatomy, which itself is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny.[1] Human anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine. Definition[edit] Human compared to elephant frame Anatomical chart by Vesalius, Epitome, 1543 The discipline of anatomy can be subdivided into a number of branches including gross or macroscopic anatomy and microscopic anatomy.[4] Gross anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye, and also includes superficial anatomy or surface anatomy, the study by sight of the external body features. The term "anatomy" is commonly taken to refer to human anatomy. Animal tissues[edit] A diagram of an animal cell Unlike plant cells, animal cells have neither a cell wall nor chloroplasts.
Ribosome Figure 1 : The ribosome assembles polymericproteinmolecules whose sequence is controlled by the sequence of messenger RNA molecules. This is required by all living cells and associated viruses. The sequence of DNA encoding for a protein may be copied many times into messenger RNA (mRNA) chains of a similar sequence. Ribosomes can bind to an mRNA chain and use it as a template for determining the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Amino acids are selected, collected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA molecules), which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (the three domains of life on Earth) differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. Discovery[edit] Structure[edit]
Cell biology Understanding cells in terms of their molecular components. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences. Appreciating the similarities and differences between cell types is particularly important to the fields of cell and molecular biology as well as to biomedical fields such as cancer research and developmental biology. These fundamental similarities and differences provide a unifying theme, sometimes allowing the principles learned from studying one cell type to be extrapolated and generalized to other cell types. Processes[edit] Movement of proteins[edit] Endothelial cells under the microscope. Each type of protein is usually sent to a particular part of the cell. Extracellular and cell surface proteins destined to be degraded can move back into intracellular compartments upon being incorporated into endocytosed vesicles, some of which fuse with lysosomes where the proteins are broken down to their individual amino acids. See also[edit]
Neuroscience Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.[1] Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology. However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine and allied disciplines, philosophy, physics, and psychology. It also exerts influence on other fields, such as neuroeducation[2] and neurolaw. Because of the increasing number of scientists who study the nervous system, several prominent neuroscience organizations have been formed to provide a forum to all neuroscientists and educators. History[edit] The study of the nervous system dates back to ancient Egypt. Early views on the function of the brain regarded it to be a "cranial stuffing" of sorts. The view that the heart was the source of consciousness was not challenged until the time of the Greek physician Hippocrates. Modern neuroscience[edit] Human nervous system
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, & Viruses Tutorial Recent studies show that having low virus levels allow longer life (Science 272, 1124 (1996)) Molecular studies of HIV have led to the development of drugs that interfere with viral biology. Taking a combination of three drugs, indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine caused 85% of patients to have no detectable virus in their blood.
Vocabulary Zoology Zoology (/zoʊˈɒlədʒi/, zoh AHL uh jee) or animal biology, is the branch of biology that relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōon, i.e. "animal" and λόγος, logos, i.e. "knowledge, study".[1] History[edit] Ancient history to Darwin[edit] The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Over the 18th and 19th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional scientific discipline. Post-Darwin[edit] These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Research[edit] Structural[edit] Physiological[edit] Animal anatomical engraving from Handbuch der Anatomie der Tiere für Künstler. Evolutionary[edit] Systematics[edit] Many scientists now consider the five-kingdom system outdated.
Cellule procariote ed eucariote In Prima Media in genere si studiano le cellule. Una prima distinzione le suddivide in procariote ed eucariote. Sfogliamo queste diapositive tratte dal libro Biologia.blu di Sadava, Heller, Orians, Purves, Hillis, edizioni Zanichelli. Proseguiamo il nostro studio utilizzando queste due brevi, ma molto ben fatte, presentazioni. Si tratta di interattivi multimediali che, dopo aver illustrato le principali caratteristiche e differenze tra i due tipi di cellule, permettono di approfondire la conoscenza delle varie componenti, semplicemente cliccando sopra ai nomi che compaiono nell’immagine. Cellula procariote Cellula eucariote Articoli che ti possono interessare Risorse interattive di matematica Questa risorsa multimediale comprende attività interattive per la matematica, strategie di apprendimento e video che illustrano come la matematica serva nella vita quotidiana.
Why this crab's blood could save your life Nearly 50 years ago, scientists discovered the horseshoe crab's clotting-response to bacterial toxins. Now, its blood is harvested in huge quantities, to be used in a test to ensure medical products are not contaminated. Charles River Laboratories manufactures the tests, and is working to raise awareness about the importance of this prehistoric species and the need to protect them. The company helped pass landmark legislation to protect the horseshoe crab in South Carolina, a key spawning ground where it collects crabs. Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), a reagent which is extracted from the horseshoe crab's blue blood, can detect just one picogram of harmful bacterial endotoxin per milliliter -- equivalent to one grain of sand in an Olympic-size pool. More than 600,000 crabs are captured each year to "donate" around 30% of their blood. Once part of their blood has been collected the crabs are returned to the sea. Life-saving crab Prehistoric species Blue blood Harvesting crabs by hand
Monera Los cinco reinos de la clasificación de Whittaker y Margulis. Sin embargo, muchos especialistas consideran actualmente que esta denominación es obsoleta, pues se sostiene que en realidad se trata de dos grupos diferentes: arqueas y bacterias (éste último incluye las llamadas algas verdeazules o cianobacterias). Historia[editar] El término Monera tiene una historia larga en la que ha cambiado de significado, aunque ajustado siempre a lo que señala su etimología, del griego μονήρης, moneres, simple, como referencia a los microorganismos más simples. El término fue usado inicialmente en esta forma por Ernst Haeckel en 1866. Haeckel fue el primero que intentó establecer una hipótesis filogenética de la diversidad biológica, ajustada a la entonces joven y triunfante teoría de la evolución. Uso habitual del término[editar] Características generales: Clasificación[editar] Monera fue acuñado por Haeckel en 1866 en la categoría taxonómica de filo y fue ubicado dentro del reino Protista. Spirochaetes
Science/Nature | Geological time gets a new period Geologists have added a new period to their official calendar of Earth's history - the first in 120 years. The Ediacaran Period covers some 50 million years of ancient time on our planet from 600 million years ago to about 542 million years ago. It officially becomes part of the Neoproterozoic, when multi-celled life forms started to take hold on Earth. However, Russian geologists are unhappy their own title - the Vendian - which was coined in 1952, was not chosen. The decision was taken after a fifteen-year long period of consideration by expert geologists. "There's always been a recognition that the last part of the Precambrian is a special time before the first shelled animals, when there are these weird, mesh-like creatures of uncertain affinity," Professor Jim Ogg, secretary-general of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), told BBC News Online. "Now it's an official part of the timescale." 'Snowball' Earth
Neurons in human skin perform advanced calculations - Faculty of Medicine - Umeå University, Sweden [2014-09-01] Neurons in human skin perform advanced calculations, previously believed that only the brain could perform. This is according to a study from Umeå University in Sweden published in the journal Nature Neuroscience. A fundamental characteristic of neurons that extend into the skin and record touch, so-called first-order neurons in the tactile system, is that they branch in the skin so that each neuron reports touch from many highly-sensitive zones on the skin. According to researchers at the Department of Integrative Medical Biology, IMB, Umeå University, this branching allows first-order tactile neurons not only to send signals to the brain that something has touched the skin, but also process geometric data about the object touching the skin. The study also shows that the sensitivity of individual neurons to the shape of an object depends on the layout of the neuron’s highly-sensitive zones in the skin. Read the study in Nature Neuroscience Editor: Mattias Grundström Mitz