Amanita muscaria Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a mushroom and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, Amanita muscaria has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. Although it is generally considered poisonous, reports of human deaths resulting from eating the mushroom are extremely rare. Taxonomy and naming[edit] The name of the mushroom in many European languages is thought to be derived from its use as an insecticide when sprinkled in milk. Buttons Classification[edit] Amanita muscaria var. formosa sensu Thiers, southern Oregon Coast Amanita muscaria varies considerably in its morphology, and many authorities recognise several subspecies or varieties within the species.
Carbon subsulfide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Organic compound with the structure S=C=C=C=S Chemical compound Carbon subsulfide is an organic, sulfur-containing chemical compound with the formula C3S2 and structure S=C=C=C=S. This deep red liquid is immiscible with water but soluble in organic solvents. Synthesis and structure[edit] C3S2 was discovered by Béla Lengyel,[1] who assigned it an unsymmetrical structure. Lengyel first synthesized this compound by passing carbon disulfide (CS2) vapor through an electric arc with carbon electrodes. Reactions and occurrence[edit] Among its few known reactions, C3S2 reacts with bromine to form the cyclic disulfide.[4] C3S2 polymerizes under applied pressure to give a black semi-conducting solid. In addition, reactions of C3S2 can yield highly condensed sulfur-containing compounds, e.g. the reaction of C3S2 with 2-aminopyridine. References[edit]
The Basics of Organic Chemistry When you explore biology, you’ll find that many processes are constantly occurring in living organisms. The study of organic chemistry — which focuses on carbon molecules — is central to all living organisms. The ability to convert ingested fuel to usable energy is what differentiates a living organism from a dead one. What is organic chemistry? In organic chemistry, the focus is on the element carbon. One atom of carbon can combine with up to four other atoms. Carbon is key In their outer shells, carbon atoms have four electrons that can bond with other atoms. Long carbon chains = low reactivity Large molecules form when carbon atoms are joined together in a straight line or in rings. One key to knowing that a compound is less reactive is that its melting and boiling points are high. On the other hand, a compound made of an extremely long carbon chain has a boiling point of 174°C (compared to water, which has a boiling point of 100°C). Forming functional groups based on properties anemia
Ergoline Ergoline is a chemical compound whose structural skeleton is contained in a diverse range of alkaloids. Ergoline derivatives are used clinically for the purpose of vasoconstriction (5-HT1 receptor agonists—ergotamine) and in the treatment of migraines (used with caffeine) and Parkinson's disease. Some ergoline alkaloids found in ergot fungi are implicated in the condition ergotism, which causes convulsive and gangrenous symptoms. Others include psychedelic drugs (e.g., LSD and some alkaloids in Ipomoea tricolor and related species[citation needed]). Uses[edit] In addition to the naturally occurring ergonovine (used as an oxytocic) and ergotamine (a vasoconstrictor used to control migraine), synthetic derivatives of importance are the oxytocic methergine, the anti-migraine drugs dihydroergotamine and methysergide, hydergine (a mixture of dihydroergotoxine mesylates, INN: ergoline mesylates), and bromocriptine, used for numerous purposes including treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Carbon nitride From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Chemical compound made of carbon and nitrogen In organic chemistry, carbon nitrides are compounds consisting only of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Covalent network compounds[edit] Beta carbon nitride - a solid with a formula β-C3N4, which is predicted to be harder than diamond.Graphitic carbon nitride - g-C3N4, with important catalytic and sensor properties.[2]C3N5 - a combined triazole and triazine framework.[3]MCN-12 (C3N6) and MCN-13 (C3N7).[4] Azafullerenes[edit] Azafullerenes are a class of heterofullerenes in which the element substituting for carbon is nitrogen.[5] Examples include (C59N)2 (biazafullerenyl),[6] C58N2 (diaza[60]fullerene), C57N3 (triaza[60]fullerene) and C48N12. Cyanofullerenes[edit] Cyanofullerenes are a class of modified fullerenes in which cyano- groups are attached to a fullerene skeleton. Cyanogen[edit] Percyanoalkynes, -alkenes and -alkanes[edit] Dicyanopolyynes[edit] Perazidoalkynes, -alkenes and -alkanes[edit] Other compounds[edit]
Fat Examples of edible animal fats are lard, fish oil, butter/ghee and whale blubber. They are obtained from fats in the milk and meat, as well as from under the skin, of an animal. Examples of edible plant fats include peanut, soya bean, sunflower, sesame, coconut and olive oils, and cocoa butter. These examples of fats can be categorized into saturated fats and unsaturated fats. Chemical structure Example of a natural triglyceride with three different fatty acids. There are many different kinds of fats, but each is a variation on the same chemical structure. The properties of any specific fat molecule depend on the particular fatty acids that constitute it. Saturated and unsaturated fats A fat's constituent fatty acids may also differ in the C/H ratio. Saturated and unsaturated fats differ in their energy content and melting point. Trans fats Importance for living organisms Fat also serves as a useful buffer towards a host of diseases. Adipose tissue See also References
Mescaline Mescaline or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects similar to those of LSD and psilocybin. It shares strong structural similarities with the catecholamine dopamine. It occurs naturally in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii),[1] the San Pedro cactus[2] (Echinopsis pachanoi) and in the Peruvian torch (Echinopsis peruviana), and as well in a number of other members of the Cactaceae plant family. It is also found in small amounts in certain members of the Fabaceae (bean) family, including Acacia berlandieri.[3] Naturally derived mescaline powder extract. History and usage[edit] Peyote has been used for at least 5700 years by Native Americans in Mexico.[4] Europeans noted use of peyote in Native American religious ceremonies upon early contact, notably by the Huichols in Mexico. Potential medical usage[edit] Notable users[edit] Biosynthesis of mescaline[edit] Synthetic Mescaline[edit]
Carbomethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Chemical compound Carbomethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane is a chemical compound used in organic syntheses. It contains a phosphorus atom bound to three phenyl groups, and doubly bound to the alpha position of methyl acetate. It undergoes a Wittig reaction.[1] It is used in the Vitamin B12 total synthesis. Production[edit] Carbomethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane can be made via a multistep reaction using bromoacetic acid, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and triphenylphosphine. [edit] Carbomethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane reacts with aldehydes to give a two carbon atom extension. References[edit] Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats and Trans Fat It has long been recognized that saturated fats tend to increase the blood level of the "bad" LDL cholesterol. Monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated fats (two or more double bonds) found primarily in vegetable oils tend to lower "bad" LDL cholesterol. An elevated LDL-C increases the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Introduction Back in the 1950s, it was recognized that vegetable oils could be substituted for animal fats such as in butter, by making a product we know as margarine. But how do you make an oil into a solid? Hydrogenation Reaction Unsaturated fatty acids may be converted to saturated fatty acids by the relatively simple hydrogenation reaction. alkene plus hydrogen yields an alkane Margarine Vegetable oils are commonly referred to as "polyunsaturated". Figure 1: Hydrogenation of a oleic fatty acid Trans Fat Trans fat has both the benefits and drawbacks of a saturated fat. Problems Contributors
Tabernanthe iboga Tabernanthe iboga or simply iboga is a perennial rainforest shrub and psychedelic, native to western Central Africa. Iboga stimulates the central nervous system when taken in small doses and induces visions in larger doses. In parts of Africa where the plant grows the bark of the root is chewed for various pharmacological or ritualistic purposes. Normally growing to a height of 2 m, T. iboga may eventually grow into a small tree up to 10 m tall, given the right conditions. Traditional use[edit] Bark of Tabernanthe iboga. The Iboga tree is the central pillar of the Bwiti spiritual practice in West-Central Africa, mainly Gabon, Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo, which uses the alkaloid-containing roots of the plant in a number of ceremonies. In lower doses Iboga has a stimulant effect and is used to maintain alertness while hunting.[1][2] Addiction treatment[edit] Legal status[edit] Exportation of iboga from Gabon is illegal since the passage of a 1994 cultural protection law.[5]
Covalent organic framework Class of solid chemical substances Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of materials that form two- or three-dimensional structures through reactions between organic precursors resulting in strong, covalent bonds to afford porous, stable, and crystalline materials. History[edit] While at University of Michigan, Omar M. The synthesis of 3D COFs has been hindered by longstanding practical and conceptual challenges until it was first achieved in 2007 by Omar M. Structure[edit] Porous crystalline solids consist of secondary building units (SBUs) which assemble to form a periodic and porous framework. Types of porous crystalline solids include zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). COFs are another class of porous polymeric materials, consisting of porous, crystalline, covalent bonds that usually have rigid structures, exceptional thermal stabilities (to temperatures up to 600 °C), are stable in water and low densities. COF linkages[edit]
MARGARINE FROM OIL British Instructional Films presentation. A lorry pulling a tubular tank pulls into a depot. Written on the side of the tank is: "Towers Creameries - Mitcham." Interior of the depot - large metal containers. The oils are weighed. more A lorry pulling a tubular tank pulls into a depot. We see the mixture being stirred. Produced with the Co-operation of the National Committee for Visual Aids in Education. less Dimethyltryptamine History[edit] Another historical milestone is the discovery of DMT in plants frequently used by Amazonian natives as additive to the vine Banisteriopsis caapi to make ayahuasca decoctions. Biosynthesis[edit] Biosynthetic pathway for N,N-dimethyltryptamine This transmethylation mechanism has been repeatedly and consistently proven by radiolabeling of SAM methyl group with carbon-14 (14C-CH3)SAM).[22][20][24][25][26] Evidence in mammals[edit] In 2013, researchers first reported DMT in the pineal gland microdialysate of rodents.[28] A study published in 2014 reported the biosynthesis of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the human melanoma cell line SK-Mel-147 including details on its metabolism by peroxidases. [29] In a 2014 paper, a group first demonstrated the immunomodulatory potential of DMT and 5-MeO-DMT through the Sigma-1_receptor of human immune cells. INMT[edit] Endogenous DMT[edit] The first claimed detection of mammalian endogenous DMT was published in June 1965: German researchers F.
Carbene radical From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Special class of organometallic carbenes Theoretical calculations and EPR studies confirmed their radical-type behaviour and explained the bonding interactions underlying the stability of the carbene radical.[9][10] Stable carbene radicals of other metals are known,[1] but the catalytically relevant cobalt(III)-carbene radicals have thus far only been synthesized as long-lived reactive intermediates.[11][12] Bonding interactions and radical reactivity[edit] The chemical bond present in carbene radicals is surprising in that it possesses aspects of both Fischer and Schrock type carbenes.[1][9][10] As a result, the cobalt carbene radical complexes have discrete radical-character at their carbon atom, thus giving rise to interesting catalytic radical-type reaction pathways. Discrete electron transfer from a sigma-type metal d-orbital (typically the dz2 orbital) occurs,[1][10] leads the typical radical character of the carbene carbon. See also[edit]