Friedrich Engels German philosopher (1820–1895) Friedrich Engels ( ENG-gəlz;[2][3][4] German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈʔɛŋl̩s]; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, political theorist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He was also a businessman and Karl Marx's closest friend and collaborator. Engels also wrote wide-ranging works of his own, including The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845), Anti-Dühring (1878), Dialectics of Nature (written 1878–1882), The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884), and Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1886). Biography[edit] Early life[edit] Whilst at Bremen, Engels began reading the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, whose teachings dominated German philosophy at that time. In 1841, Engels performed his military service in the Prussian Army as a member of the Household Artillery (German: Garde-Artillerie-Brigade). Manchester and Salford[edit] Paris[edit] Brussels[edit]
New Historicism A critical approach developed in the 1980s through the works of Michel Foucault and Stephen Greenblatt, similar to Marxism. Moving away from text-centered schools of criticism such as New Criticism, New Historicism reopened the interpretation of literature to the social, political, and historical milieu that produced it. To a New Historicist, literature is not the record of a single mind, but the end product of a particular cultural moment. New Historicists look at literature alongside other cultural products of a particular historical period to illustrate how concepts, attitudes, and ideologies operated across a broader cultural spectrum that is not exclusively literary. In addition to analyzing the impact of historical context and ideology, New Historicists also acknowledge that their own criticism contains biases that derive from their historical position and ideology. Because it is impossible to escape one’s own “historicity,” the meaning of a text is fluid, not fixed.
Karl Kautsky Karl Johann Kautsky (16 October 1854 – 17 October 1938) was a Czech-Austrian philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theoretician. Kautsky was recognized as among the most authoritative promulgators of Orthodox Marxism after the death of Friedrich Engels in 1895 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Following the war, Kautsky was an outspoken critic of the Bolshevik Revolution, engaging in polemics with Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky on the nature of the Soviet state. Life and career[edit] Early years[edit] Karl Kautsky, born in Prague of an artistic and middle class Jewish family, his parents were Johann Kautsky (a scenic designer) and Minna (an actress and writer). Political career[edit] In 1883, Kautsky founded the monthly Die Neue Zeit ("The New Times") in Stuttgart, which became a weekly in 1890. Wartime years[edit] Polemics with the Bolsheviks[edit] A collection of excerpts of Kautsky's writings, Social Democracy vs. And: Death and legacy[edit] Works in English[edit] See also[edit]
New Historicism & Cultural Materialism: A Reader: Kiernan Ryan: Bloomsbury Ac... New Historicism and Cultural Materialism have become two of the most powerful and appealing movements in modern criticism. Their conquest of Renaissance studies has escalated into global colonialisation of English and American literary history. A wealth of innovative work has emerged on everything from the "Canterbury Tales" to the "Cantos", bringing intense theoretical controversy in its wake. This reader pulls the diversity and polemical vigour of this new critical constellation into focus for the first time. The introduction identifies the distinctive concerns of both approaches, unpacks their theoretical assumptions and clarifies their chief points of convergence and antagonism. New Historicism and Cultural Materialism have become two of the most powerful and appealing movements in modern criticism.
Action theory (sociology) In sociology, action theory is the theory of social action presented by the American theorist Talcott Parsons. Parsons established action theory in order to integrate the study of social order with the structural and voluntaristic aspects of macro and micro factors. In other words, it may be described as an attempt to maintain the scientific rigour of positivism, while acknowledging the necessity of the "subjective dimension" of human action incorporated in hermeneutic types of sociological theorizing. Parsons sees motives as part of our actions. The separation of the cultural and social system had various implications for the nature of the basic categories of the cultural system; especially it had implications for the way cognitive capital is perceived as a factor in history. Jump up ^ Talcott Parsons, The Structure of Social Action. Parsons, Talcott; Shils, Edward (1951).
New Historicism - Literary and Critical Theory - Oxford Bibliographies Owing to its success, there has been no shortage of textbooks and anthology entries on new historicism, but it has often had to share space with British cultural materialism, a school that, though related, has an entirely distinct theoretical and methodological genesis. The consequence of this dual treatment has resulted in a somewhat caricatured view of both approaches along the axis of subversion and containment, with new historicism representing the latter. While there is some truth to this shorthand account, any sustained engagement with new-historicist studies will reveal its limitations. Readers should be aware, therefore, that while accounts that contrast new historicism with cultural materialism—for example, Dollimore 1990, Wilson 1992, and Brannigan 1998—can be illuminating, they can also by the terms of that contrast tend to oversimplify. Brannigan, John.
Marksisms-ļeņinisms — Vikipēdija Marksisms-ļeņinisms ir politiska filozofija, kas radusies, sajaucoties marksisma un ļeņinisma idejām, ar mērķi radīt un attīstīt sociālistiskas valstis. Marksisti-ļeņinisti pauž plašu viedokļu loku, atkarībā no savām marksisma un ļeņinisma interpretācijām, tomēr parasti aizstāv vienpartijas sistēmu, valsts kontroli par ekonomiku, plānveida ekonomiku, internacionālismu un pretestību kapitālismam. Marksisms-ļeņinisms ir oficiālā ideoloģija Kubas, Vjetnamas un Ķīnas Komunistiskajai partijai, kā arī Laosas Tautas revolucionārajai partijai. Tā bija arī Padomju Savienības komunistiskās partijas un citu Austrumu bloka valstu partiju filozofija. New Historicism and Cultural Materialism Today Part of the Transitions book series (TRANSs) Abstract New historicism and cultural materialism are engaged in the process of renewing our images of the past, of revisiting the past. They carry out this work to different ends: new historicism aims to show that each era or period has its own conceptual and ideological frameworks, that people of the past did not understand concepts like ‘the individual’, ‘God’, ‘reality’ or ‘gender’ in the same way that we do now; cultural materialism aims to show that our political and ideological systems manipulate images and texts of the past to serve their own interests, and that these images and texts can be interpreted from alternative and radically different perspectives, often constructed by placing those images or texts in their historical contexts. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Preview Unable to display preview. Copyright information
The Keystones Of Writing A Critique Paper On An Article When criticizing another writer’s work it is important to keep give construct feedback. You want all of the points, argument or suggestion made about the article to follow with an explanation or suggestion to better the work. A simple guide to writing a critique essay on an article is as follows: study article and take notes, introduce/summarize article, present argument(s) and then conclude. Study Article & Take Notes Reading for pleasure and reading for review are two different kinds of reading. Introduce/Summarize Once you have studied the article and taken thorough notes, you will be ready to move on to writing the critique essay. Present Argument After introducing the article you plan to critique, you will move into the body paragraphs of the essay. Conclude With your conclusion, you will again share the overall points made by the paper, similarly to your thesis statement in the introduction, but you will also give a final evaluation. Looking for help with essay?