Teotihuacán, la grande cité Commençons tout d’abord avec Teotihuacán qui est le site archéologique le plus grandiose et le plus connu du Mexique et qui généralement, se visite en premier, vu que il se situe à 40 km au Nord-Est de la capitale. Qu’était Teotihuacán au temps où elle fut occupée ? Cette cité fut l’une des premières villes complètes du Mexique. Au centre de la ville se dessinait une longue avenue de plus de 2 kilomètres appelée avenida de los muertos (l’avenue des morts). Au Nord se dresse la pyramide de la Lune et à l’Est domine la pyramide du Soleil qui mesure 70 m de hauteur et 220 m² au sol. Finalement cette ville fut détruite en 750 ap-JC par les peuples venus du Nord. Les Mystères de Teotihuacán Teotihuacán se traduit par « La Vallée des dieux ». Les archéologues calculent le début de la construction de ces pyramides vers l’année 200 avant JC. Les pyramides de Teotihuacán sont très différentes de celles qui sont en Egypte. Teotihuacán est consideré comme un centre énergétique.
Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan (Classical Nahuatl: Tenochtitlan [tenotʃˈtitɬan]) was an Aztec altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. Founded in 1325, it became the capital of the expanding Mexica Empire in the 15th century,[1] until captured by the Spanish in 1521. At its peak, it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas. When paired with Mexico, the name is a reference to Mexica, also known as "Aztecs" although they referred to themselves as Mexica. Geography[edit] Tenochtitlan covered an estimated 8 to 13.5 km2 (3.1 to 5.2 sq mi), situated on the western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco. It was connected to the mainland by causeways leading north, south, and west of the city. Two double aqueducts, each more than 4 km (2.5 mi) long and made of terracotta,[3] provided the city with fresh water from the springs at Chapultepec. City plan[edit] Marketplaces[edit] Public buildings[edit] The city had a great symmetry. Palaces of Moctezuma II[edit] Ruins[edit]
Les pyramides de Teotihuacan: pyramide de la luna / pyramide de la lune, pyramide del sol / pyramide du soleil La pyramide du soleil La pyramide du soleil (ci-dessus) mesure 65 mètres de haut. À l'époque elle aurait comporté un temple et une statue de grande taille sur son sommet, d'après certains spécialistes. Aujourd´hui le sommet est simplement une plate forme irregulière. La pyramide ne contient rien, elle est remplie de gravats. Cependant, en 1971 on découvrit une grotte sous la construction. La pyramide de la lune Elle est celle qui semble avoir le plus d'importance, de par sa position au sein du site de Teotihuacan. Légende/ Croyances populaires D'après certains, ce serait l'endroit idéal pour faire le plein d'energie cosmique.
Tang Dynasty History[edit] Establishment[edit] Administration and politics[edit] Initial reforms[edit] Taizong set out to solve internal problems within the government which had constantly plagued past dynasties. The Tang had three departments (Chinese: 省; pinyin: shěng), which were obliged to draft, review, and implement policies respectively. Tang era gilt-gold bowl with lotus and animal motifs Although the central and local governments kept an enormous number of records about land property in order to assess taxes, it became common practice in the Tang for literate and affluent people to create their own private documents and signed contracts. The center of the political power of the Tang was the capital city of Chang'an (modern Xi'an), where the emperor maintained his large palace quarters and entertained political emissaries with music, sports, acrobatic stunts, poetry, paintings, and dramatic theater performances. Imperial examinations[edit] Religion and politics[edit]
Teotihuacan L'immense métropole religieuse de Teotihuacan se tient à 40 km au nord de Mexico, à 2300 m d'altitude. Teothihuacan est un ensemble de pyramides, d'esplanades, de voies sacrées et de palais qui couvre 5 Km2. A l'apogée, ce devait être le coeur d'une cité d'environ 30 Km2. La citadelle (n°3) est une enceinte carrée de 400 m de côté, jalonnée de plate-formes à degré. Le palais de Quetzalpapalotl (n°5) situé à l'est de la place de la Lune est un édifice destiné à l'habitation des haut-dignitaires de Teotihuacan. Toute la cité de Teotihuacan, aujourd'hui grise et noire, était jadis revêtues de vives couleurs.
Sui Dynasty The Sui dynasty (581–618 AD)[1] was a short-lived Imperial Chinese dynasty. Preceded by the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it unified China for the first time after over a century of north-south division. It was followed by the Tang dynasty. Founded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the Sui dynasty capital was Chang'an (which was renamed Daxing,581-605) and the later at Luoyang (605-614). His reign saw the reunification of Southern and Northern China and the construction of the Grand Canal. This dynasty has often been compared to the earlier Qin dynasty in tenor and in the ruthlessness of its accomplishments. History[edit] Emperor Wen and the founding of the Sui dynasty[edit] Sui's China, and Sui divisions under Yangdi (western regions not depicted). When the Northern Zhou dynasty defeated the Northern Qi dynasty in 577 CE, this was the culminating moment and ultimate advantage for the northern Chinese to face south. Emperor Yang of Sui[edit] A Sui dynasty pilgrim flask made of stoneware. Fall[edit]
Teotihuacán : « La cité où les hommes se transforment en Dieux... » Une exposition « Teotihuacán, Cité des Dieux », s’est ouverte samedi à Monterrey, la grande ville du nord du Mexique. Elle présente des pièces inédites de la capitale du plus grand empire précolombien édifiée par les Aztèques. Des trésors qui quitteront le Mexique en octobre pour être accueillis à Paris en 2009, au musée des Arts et civilisations du Quai Branly. Teotihuacán, Cité des Dieux » fait remonter à 150 ans avant notre ère, et jusqu’à l’apogée de la capitale aztèque, vers 650. En tout, 426 pièces inédites, jamais sorties des laboratoires de recherche, sont actuellement présentées au Musée national d’anthropologie et d’Histoire de Monterrey au Mexique. En octobre, l’exposition déménagera au musée des Arts et civilisations du Quai Branly. Teotihuacán, à 45 km au nord-est de Mexico, a été à son apogée une des cinq plus grandes villes du monde, avec jusqu’à 250.000 habitants.
Tikal Tikal (/tiˈkäl/) (Tik’al in modern Mayan orthography) is one of the largest archaeological sites and urban centres of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now northern Guatemala. Situated in the department of El Petén, the site is part of Guatemala's Tikal National Park and in 1979 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2] Tikal was the capital of a conquest state that became one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya.[3] Though monumental architecture at the site dates back as far as the 4th century BC, Tikal reached its apogee during the Classic Period, ca. 200 to 900 AD. Tikal is the best understood of any of the large lowland Maya cities, with a long dynastic ruler list, the discovery of the tombs of many of the rulers on this list and the investigation of their monuments, temples and palaces.[5] Etymology[edit] Emblem glyph for Tikal (Mutal) Location[edit] Population[edit] Rulers[edit]
Cité préhispanique de Teotihuacan Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan The holy city of Teotihuacan ('the place where the gods were created') is situated some 50 km north-east of Mexico City. Built between the 1st and 7th centuries A.D., it is characterized by the vast size of its monuments – in particular, the Temple of Quetzalcoatl and the Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon, laid out on geometric and symbolic principles. As one of the most powerful cultural centres in Mesoamerica, Teotihuacan extended its cultural and artistic influence throughout the region, and even beyond. La description est disponible sous licence CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 Cité préhispanique de Teotihuacan Cité sainte située à une cinquantaine de kilomètres de Mexico, édifiée entre le Ier et le VIIe siècle, Teotihuacan, « lieu où sont créés les dieux », se caractérise par les très grandes dimensions de ses monuments dont les plus célèbres sont le temple de Quetzalcoatl et les pyramides du Soleil et de la Lune, et par leur ordonnance géométrique et symbolique. 特奥蒂瓦坎
Tlaloc Tlaloc (Classical Nahuatl: Tlālōc [ˈtɬaːloːk]) [1] was an important deity in Aztec religion; a god of rain, fertility, and water. He was a beneficent god who gave life and sustenance, but he was also feared for his ability to send hail, thunder, and lightning, and for being the lord of the powerful element of water. Tlaloc is also associated with caves, springs, and mountains, in which he was believed to reside. He is known for having demanded child sacrifices.[2] The cult of Tlaloc is one of the oldest and most universal in ancient Mexico. Although the name is Aztec, the idea of a storm god especially identified with mountaintop shrines and with life-giving rain is as old as Teotihuacan. In Aztec cosmology, the four corners of the universe are marked by "the four Tlalocs" (Classical Nahuatl: Tlālōquê [tɬaːˈloːkeʔ]) which both hold up the sky and function as the frame for the passing of time. Representations[edit] Mythology[edit] Etymology[edit] Rites and rituals[edit] Related gods[edit]
Teotihuacan Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Teotihuacan (qui s’orthographie également Teotihuacán[1], avec un accent sur la dernière syllabe, même si cela ne correspond pas à la prononciation en nahuatl[2]), est un important site archéologique de la vallée de Mexico, contenant certaines des plus grandes pyramides méso-américaines jamais construites en Amérique précolombienne. Outre ses structures pyramidales, Teotihuacan est également connue pour ses grands complexes résidentiels, sa chaussée des Morts, et ses nombreuses peintures murales aux couleurs bien conservées. La ville a sans doute été construite aux environs de 200 avant notre ère, et habitée jusqu'à sa chute entre les VIe et VIIe siècles. À son apogée dans la première moitié du Ier millénaire, à l'Époque classique, Teotihuacan était la plus grande ville de toute l’Amérique précolombienne. À ce moment, elle pourrait avoir compté plus de 200 000 habitants, ce qui la plaçait à l’époque parmi les plus grandes villes du monde.
Toltec Archaeology[edit] Some archaeologists such as Richard Diehl, argue for the existence of a Toltec archaeological horizon characterized by certain stylistic traits associated with Tula, Hidalgo and extending to other cultures and polities in Mesoamerica. Traits associated with this horizon are: The Mixteca-Puebla style of iconography, Tohil plumbate ceramic ware and Silho or X-Fine Orange Ware ceramics.[1] The presence of stylistic traits associated with Tula in Chichén Itzá is also taken as evidence for a Toltec horizon. Especially the nature of interaction between Tula and Chichén Itzá has been controversial with scholars arguing for either military conquest of Chichén Itzá by Toltecs, Chichén Itzá establishing Tula as a colony or only loose connections between the two. The existence of any meaning of the Mixteca-Puebla art style has also been questioned.[2] A contrary viewpoint is argued in a 2003 study by Michael E. History of research[edit] Carved relief of a Jaguar at Tula, Hidalgo
Xia Dynasty According to the traditional chronology based upon calculations by Liu Xin, the Xia ruled between 2205 and 1766 BCE; according to the chronology based upon the Bamboo Annals, it ruled between 1989 and 1558 BCE. The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project concluded that the Xia existed between 2070 and 1600 BCE. The tradition of tracing Chinese political history from heroic early emperors to the Xia to succeeding dynasties comes from the idea of the Mandate of Heaven, in which only one legitimate dynasty can exist at any given time, and was promoted by the Confucian school in the Eastern Zhou period, later becoming the basic position of imperial historiography and ideology. Traditional history[edit] The Xia dynasty was described in classic texts such as the Classic of History (Shujing), the Bamboo Annals, and the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) by Sima Qian. Origins and early development[edit] Gun's attempt to stop the flood[edit] Yu the Great's attempt to stop the floods[edit] Notes[edit]
Zheng He Zheng He (1371–1433), formerly romanized as Cheng Ho, was a Hui court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming Dynasty. Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. As a favorite of the Yongle Emperor, whose usurpation he assisted, he rose to the top of the imperial hierarchy and served as commander of the southern capital Nanjing (the capital was later moved to Beijing by Yongle). Family[edit] Zheng He was the second son of a family from Kunyang,[a] Yunnan.[5] He was originally born with the name Ma He.[1][6] His family were Hui people. Life[edit] Early life and castration[edit] Adulthood and military career[edit] He was initially[when?] In the new administration, Zheng He served in the highest posts, as Grand Director[6][8][38] and later as Chief Envoy (正使, zhèngshǐ) during his sea voyages. Death[edit] Expeditions[edit] The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet.