Advaita Vedanta School of Hindu philosophy, a classic path to spiritual realization Advaita Vedanta traces its roots to the oldest Upanishads. It relies on three textual sources called the Prasthanatrayi. Etymology and nomenclature[edit] The Advaita Vedanta school has been historically referred to by various names, such as Advaita-vada (speaker of Advaita), Abheda-darshana (view of non-difference), Dvaita-vada-pratisedha (denial of dual distinctions), and Kevala-dvaita (non-dualism of the isolated). According to Richard King, a professor of Buddhist and Asian studies, the term Advaita first occurs in a recognizably Vedantic context in the prose of Mandukya Upanishad. Darśana (philosophy) - central concerns[edit] Advaita is a subschool of Vedanta, the latter being one of the six classical Hindu darśanas. Within the Vedanta tradition of Hinduism are many sub-schools, of which Advaita is one. The Vedanta tradition of Hinduism rejects the dualism of Samkhya. Puruṣārtha - the four goals of human life[edit] T.
Ash heap of history The expression arose in the 19th century in various places,[1] but it was popularized by Leon Trotsky (in its Russian form "Свалка истории") in response to the Mensheviks walking out of the Petrograd Second Congress of Soviets, on October 25, 1917 (Julian calendar), thereby enabling the Bolsheviks to establish their dominance. Trotsky declared: "'You are pitiful, isolated individuals! You are bankrupts. Your role is played out. Go where you belong from now on—into the dustbin of history!'" It has since been used in both the direct and the ironic sense in political and nonpolitical contexts. Noted examples[edit] It was used by Ronald Reagan in a speech to the British House of Commons on June 8, 1982. See also[edit] Memory hole References[edit] General
Nonduality (Advaita) - Stillness Speaks “There is neither creation nor destruction, neither destiny nor free will, neither path nor achievement. This is the final truth.” ~ Ramana Maharshi Nonduality is about our intrinsic nature – which is oneness. It is expressed in a myriad of forms in various traditions. Nonduality or Advaita has traditionally come from India but it is not limited to India, because that core truth is evident in all traditions even though it may be expressed in different terms. After reading the summary … please continue scrolling down until you see “Explore More About Nonduality (Advaita)” and then you can access Posts & Videos, Articles (PDFs), Books&DVDs, & Related Teachers … for this tradition. Classically, Nonduality (or Advaita Vedanta) is a sub school of the Hindu philosophy of Vedanta. The first organized condensation of Advaitic theosophy is credited to Adi Shankara, also known as Sankara Bhagavatpad Acharya, around the eighth century AD.
Memory hole Origins[edit] In Nineteen Eighty-Four the memory hole is a small chute leading to a large incinerator used for censorship:[3] In the walls of the cubicle there were three orifices. To the right of the speakwrite, a small pneumatic tube for written messages, to the left, a larger one for newspapers; and in the side wall, within easy reach of Winston's arm, a large oblong slit protected by a wire grating. This last was for the disposal of waste paper. In the novel, the memory hole is a slot into which government officials deposit politically inconvenient documents and records to be destroyed. A document placed in the memory hole is supposedly transported to an incinerator from which "not even the ash remains". See also[edit] References[edit] Notes George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, first published by Martin Secker & Warburg, London, 1949.
The Concept of Advaita Vedanta by Jayaram V Advaita Vedanta refers to the non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy, which is derived mostly from the Upanishads and elaborated in detail by eminent scholars like Gaudapada and Sri Adishankaracharya. Dvaita means duality, and Advaita means nonduality. In simple terms, Advaita means absence of the duality between subject and object. Advaita school believes that Brahman is the one and only reality and everything else is a mere appearance, projection, formation or illusion. The school also believes that Atman, the individual self, has no separate existence of its own. Brahman is real, but the world in which we live is a mere illusion, like a mirage. Advaita Vedanta believes that an enlightened guru, having the knowledge of both the scriptures and Brahman, is indispensable for anyone seeking salvation. A few important concepts of Advaita Vedanta are presented below. Sadhana Chatushtayam Pramanas They are the standards of ascertaining right knowledge, truth, or valid knowledge.
Paraconsistent logic A paraconsistent logic is a logical system that attempts to deal with contradictions in a discriminating way. Alternatively, paraconsistent logic is the subfield of logic that is concerned with studying and developing paraconsistent (or "inconsistency-tolerant") systems of logic. Inconsistency-tolerant logics have been discussed since at least 1910 (and arguably much earlier, for example in the writings of Aristotle); however, the term paraconsistent ("beside the consistent") was not coined until 1976, by the Peruvian philosopher Francisco Miró Quesada.[1] Definition[edit] In classical logic (as well as intuitionistic logic and most other logics), contradictions entail everything. Which means: if P and its negation ¬P are both assumed to be true, then P is assumed to be true, from which it follows that at least one of the claims P and some other (arbitrary) claim A is true. Paraconsistent logics and classical logic[edit] Motivation[edit] Philosophy[edit] Tradeoff[edit] Example[edit] means that
The Advaita Vedanta - Non Duality by Todd F. Reinhard "Ontology", a familiar word in philosophy circles, refers to the study of existence. Indeed, Ontology, along with its kindred disciplines, Epistemology and Axiology-the study of knowledge and the study of ethics, respectively-comprise the very fabric of Philosophy. Ontology, the topic of the current discussion, is that discipline that demands an answer to the questions "What does it mean for something to Exist…for something to Be?" The philosophically indifferent responds with a question of his own: "Why should I bother with such a ridiculous question? The Indian philosophy of Advaita Vedanta is that branch of Vedanta that posits "non-duality" as the basis of reality and was popularized and expounded by Shamkara (ca. 788-820). So, introduction aside, let us return to the question of interest "What does it mean for something to exist?" So, what is Ultimately Real for the Advaitist? The third and final Level of Being is labeled "Unreality".
False dilemma A false dilemma (also called black-and/or-white thinking, bifurcation, denying a conjunct, the either-or fallacy, false dichotomy, fallacy of exhaustive hypotheses, the fallacy of false choice, the fallacy of the false alternative, or the fallacy of the excluded middle) is a type of informal fallacy that involves a situation in which limited alternatives are considered, when in fact there is at least one additional option. The opposite of this fallacy is argument to moderation. The options may be a position that is between two extremes (such as when there are shades of grey) or may be completely different alternatives. Phrasing that implies two options (dilemma, dichotomy, black-and-white) may be replaced with other number-based nouns, such as a "false trilemma" if something is reduced to only three options, instead of two. Some philosophers and scholars believe that "unless a distinction can be made rigorous and precise it isn't really a distinction. Examples[edit] Morton's Fork[edit]
Nonduality in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta — Study Buddhism Advaita Vedanta shares some terminology with the Madhyamaka systems, and thus appears to have many similarities. However, Shankara's system has many crucial differences: The Conventional Self Shankara asserts that the conventionally existent, empirical living self (jiva) is the combination of a passive observer consciousness (sakshin) and an active inner physical organ (antahkarana) that assumes the form of objects cognized. Before liberation (moksha), the two are always together, although in deep sleep, the observer consciousness withdraws into ignorance (avidya), which is each living self’s share of illusion (maya). Buddhism asserts that the conventionally existent self is imputable on the aggregates, but is not the combination of any of them. The Relation between the Self and Either Brahma or Voidness Shankara asserts that maya-illusion is the potency (shakti) in the God Ishvara. [See: Basic Tenets of the Samkhya and Yoga Schools] Space and Time Nonduality
Syncretism Syncretism /ˈsɪŋkrətɪzəm/ is the combining of different, often seemingly contradictory beliefs, while melding practices of various schools of thought. Syncretism involves the merger and analogizing of several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, thus asserting an underlying unity and allowing for an inclusive approach to other faiths. Syncretism also occurs commonly in expressions of arts and culture (known as eclecticism) as well as politics (syncretic politics). Nomenclature, orthography, and etymology[edit] The Oxford English Dictionary first attests the word syncretism in English in 1618. It derives from modern Latin syncretismus, drawing on Greek συγκρητισμός (synkretismos), meaning "Cretan federation". The Greek word occurs in Plutarch's (1st century AD) essay on "Fraternal Love" in his Moralia (2.490b). Social and political roles[edit] Religious syncretism[edit] Ancient Greece[edit] Judaism[edit] Roman world[edit] Christianity[edit]
Nondualism: A Brief History of a Timeless Concept - Science and Nonduality Science and Nonduality Many traditions and mystics talk about nondualism. But what is nondualism, and how have people—from different religions in different parts of the word—described this concept over time? In this book you will discover the long history of nondualism, from its first roots in the Indian Upanishads to it’s most modern-day proponents. If you are a person in a nondual tradition, this book is an invaluable companion on your journey. Following is the excerpt from the book by Michael W. Advaita Vedanta: Hindu Nondualism Nondualism as a separate and distinct tradition in Hinduism begins rather late and yet has exerted a tremendously powerful influence, both in India and—much later—in the West. Advaita Vendanta begins with the Commentary on the Mandukya Upanishad, written by Gaudapada around theseventh Century CE. Gaudapada’s main doctrine is called the theory of “no origination” (ajātivāda), which states that the entire world is nothing other than an illusion. II. 31. II. 32. III. 19. III. 28.
Dialectic Dialectic (also dialectics and the dialectical method) is a method of argument for resolving disagreement that has been central to European and Indian philosophy since antiquity. The word dialectic originated in ancient Greece, and was made popular by Plato in the Socratic dialogues. The dialectical method is discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject, who wish to establish the truth of the matter guided by reasoned arguments.[1] The term dialectics is not synonymous with the term debate. While in theory debaters are not necessarily emotionally invested in their point of view, in practice debaters frequently display an emotional commitment that may cloud rational judgement. The Sophists taught aretē (Greek: ἀρετή, quality, excellence) as the highest value, and the determinant of one's actions in life. Socrates favoured truth as the highest value, proposing that it could be discovered through reason and logic in discussion: ergo, dialectic.