Gross national product Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the products and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP allocates production based on ownership. GNP does not distinguish between qualitative improvements in the state of the technical arts (e.g., increasing computer processing speeds), and quantitative increases in goods (e.g., number of computers produced), and considers both to be forms of "economic growth".[1] Basically, GNP is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a particular year, plus income earned by its citizens (including income of those located abroad)(no need to minus income of non resident as income includes of only its citizen). Gross National Product (GNP) is often contrasted with Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Use[edit] GNP Growth[edit] See also[edit] Sources[edit]
Annual percentage rate Parts of total cost and effective APR for a 12-month, 5% monthly interest, $100 loan paid off in equally sized monthly payments. The term annual percentage rate of charge (APR),[1][2] corresponding sometimes to a nominal APR and sometimes to an effective APR (or EAPR),[3] describes the interest rate for a whole year (annualized), rather than just a monthly fee/rate, as applied on a loan, mortgage loan, credit card, etc. It is a finance charge expressed as an annual rate.[4] Those terms have formal, legal definitions in some countries or legal jurisdictions, but in general:[3] The nominal APR is the simple-interest rate (for a year).The effective APR is the fee+compound interest rate (calculated across a year).[3] In some areas, the annual percentage rate (APR) is the simplified counterpart to the effective interest rate that the borrower will pay on a loan. Multiple definitions of effective APR[edit] There are at least three ways of computing effective annual percentage rate: where:
Gross domestic product Gross domestic product (GDP) is defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as "an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident, institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs)."[2] GDP estimates are commonly used to measure the economic performance of a whole country or region, but can also measure the relative contribution of an industry sector. This is possible because GDP is a measure of 'value added' rather than sales; it adds each firm's value added (the value of its output minus the value of goods that are used up in producing it). The more familiar use of GDP estimates is to calculate the growth of the economy from year to year (and recently from quarter to quarter). History[edit] The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in ways of estimating it. Determining GDP[edit]
Advocacy group Groups using advocacy in order to influence public opinion and policy Advocacy groups, also known as lobby groups, interest groups, special interest groups, pressure groups, or public associations, use various forms of advocacy or lobbying to influence public opinion and ultimate public policy.[1] They play an important role in the development of political and social systems.[2] Motives for action may be based on political, economic, religious, moral, commercial or common good-based positions. Groups use varied methods to try to achieve their aims, including lobbying, media campaigns, awareness raising publicity stunts, polls, research, and policy briefings. Some groups are supported or backed by powerful business or political interests and exert considerable influence on the political process, while others have few or no such resources. Some have developed into important social, and political institutions or social movements. History in Great Britain [edit] According to Stuart McConnell:
Inflation In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.[1] When the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.[2][3] A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the consumer price index) over time.[4] The opposite of inflation is deflation. History[edit] Annual inflation rates in the United States from 1666 to 2004. Historically, infusions of gold or silver into an economy also led to inflation. The adoption of fiat currency by many countries, from the 18th century onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible. Related definitions[edit] Measures[edit] Other common measures of inflation are: Effects[edit] where
free job descriptions - job descriptions writing templates and examples A useful process for refining and writing job descriptions responsibilities into fewer points and ('responsibilities' rather than 'individual tasks'), is to group the many individual tasks into main responsibility areas, such as the list below (not all will be applicable to any single role). Bold type indicates that these responsibility areas would normally feature in most job descriptions: Bold type indicates that these responsibility areas would normally feature in most job descriptions: communicating (in relation to whom, what, how - and this is applicable to all below) planning and organizing (of what..) plus any responsibilities for other staff if applicable, typically: recruiting (of direct-reporting staff) assessing (direct-reporting staff) training (direct-reporting staff) managing (direct-reporting staff) Senior roles will include more executive aspects: developing policy duty of care and corporate responsibility formulation of direction and strategy Job purpose:
Producer price index A Producer Price Index (PPI) measures the average changes in prices received by domestic producers for their output. It is one of several price indices. Its importance is being undermined by the steady decline in manufactured goods as a share of spending.[1] Related measures[edit] A number of countries that now report a Producer Price Index previously reported a Wholesale Price Index. PPIs around the world[edit] United States[edit] In the US, the PPI was known as the Wholesale Price Index, or WPI, up to 1978. India[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ The Economist, Volume 387, May 31 - June 6, 2009, page 109Jump up ^ BLS Handbook of Methods, Chapter 14 Producer Prices, Background (found online at: up ^ Senate Committee on Finance, Wholesale Prices, Wages, and Transportation, Senate Report No. 1394, “The Aldrich Report,” Part I, 52nd Congress, 2d sess., March 3, 1893; and U.S. External links[edit]
Subsidy A subsidy or government incentive is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector (business, or individual) generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy.[1] Although commonly extended from government, the term subsidy can relate to any type of support – for example from NGOs or as implicit subsidies. Subsidies come in various forms including: direct (cash grants, interest-free loans) and indirect (tax breaks, insurance, low-interest loans, accelerated depreciation, rent rebates).[2][3] Furthermore, they can be broad or narrow, legal or illegal, ethical or unethical. The most common forms of subsidies are those to the producer or the consumer. Producer/production subsidies ensure producers are better off by either supplying market price support, direct support, or payments to factors of production.[1] Consumer/consumption subsidies commonly reduce the price of goods and services to the consumer. Types[edit] Production subsidy[edit] Tax subsidy[edit]
Exchange rate In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency.[1] For example, an interbank exchange rate of 119 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (US$) means that ¥119 will be exchanged for each US$1 or that US$1 will be exchanged for each ¥119. In this case it is said that the price of a dollar in terms of yen is ¥119, or equivalently that the price of a yen in terms of dollars is $1/119. Exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market,[2] which is open to a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers where currency trading is continuous: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday. Retail exchange market[edit] Quotations[edit] Exchange rates display in Thailand Main article: Currency pair
UK trade figures raise fresh GDP fears Worse than expected UK trade deficit data for February suggests net trade will have been a drag on GDP growth in the first quarter, according to Capital Economics. The trade gap widened to £3.4bn in February, according to the Office for National Statistics, above a consensus forecast of a £2bn gap, and up from a revised January deficit of £2.5bn. The goods trade deficit again more than offset the services surplus, unchanged at £5.4bn. The ONS said the goods trade deficit rose to £8.77bn in February, above economists' consensus forecast of a £7.7bn gap. January's deficit was revised up to £7.88bn. A £400m drop in the sales of cars to non-EU countries including the US, Russia and China drove the decrease in exports, the ONS said, with forecasters suggesting EU trade is also now set to fall. "With sentiment towards the euro-zone fading again, we think that export growth to Europe is likely to weaken soon too.
Consumer price index A graph of the US CPI from 1913 to 2013 (in blue), and its percentage annual change (in red) A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the price level of a market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The CPI is a statistical estimate constructed using the prices of a sample of representative items whose prices are collected periodically. Sub-indexes and sub-sub-indexes are computed for different categories and sub-categories of goods and services, being combined to produce the overall index with weights reflecting their shares in the total of the consumer expenditures covered by the index. It is one of several price indices calculated by most national statistical agencies. The annual percentage change in a CPI is used as a measure of inflation. Introduction[edit] Ideally, the weights would relate to the composition of expenditure during the time between the price-reference month and the current month. The coverage of the index may be limited. or . where the
Criticisms of corporations The notion of a legally sanctioned corporation remains controversial for several reasons, most of which stem from the granting of corporations both limited liability on the part of its members and the status and rights of a legal person. Some opponents to this granting of "personhood" to an organization with no personal liability contend that it creates a legal entity with the extensive financial resources to co-opt public policy and exploit resources and populations without any moral or legal responsibility to encourage restraint. Divisions between labor, management, and owners[edit] Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations criticized the joint-stock company corporate form because the separation of ownership and management could lead to inefficient management. The context for Adam Smith's term for "companies" in The Wealth of Nations was the joint-stock company. Furthermore, the context of the quote points to the complications inherent in chartered joint-stock companies. Reception[edit]