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Graph theory

Graph theory
Refer to the glossary of graph theory for basic definitions in graph theory. Definitions[edit] Definitions in graph theory vary. The following are some of the more basic ways of defining graphs and related mathematical structures. Graph[edit] Other senses of graph stem from different conceptions of the edge set. All of these variants and others are described more fully below. The vertices belonging to an edge are called the ends, endpoints, or end vertices of the edge. V and E are usually taken to be finite, and many of the well-known results are not true (or are rather different) for infinite graphs because many of the arguments fail in the infinite case. (the number of vertices). For an edge {u, v}, graph theorists usually use the somewhat shorter notation uv. Applications[edit] The network graph formed by Wikipedia editors (edges) contributing to different Wikipedia language versions (nodes) during one month in summer 2013.[3] History[edit] The Königsberg Bridge problem "[...]

[Omnigator] Welcome Page The Omnigator is a technology showcase and teaching aid designed to demonstrate the power of Topic Maps. It is also used extensively as a topic map debugger and prototyping tool. Now, with the introduction of RDF support, the Omnigator is evolving into a multi-purpose Semantic Web Agent. Features The Omnigator is omnivorous: It eats anything, provided it is a topic map – or can be viewed as one! Its most unique feature is that it lets you load and navigate any conforming topic map, whether its format be XTM 1.0, XTM 2.0, LTM – or even RDF. What's more, although it isn't optimized for any particular application, the Omnigator is able to make reasonable sense out of any reasonably sensible topic map! But the Omnigator lets you do far more than simply browse your topic maps. The most eye-catching new Omnigator feature is the Vizigator, which produces a graphic visualization of your topic map.

MATLAB Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems. In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and academia.[3] MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics. MATLAB is widely used in academic and research institutions as well as industrial enterprises. History[edit] MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering, Little's specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. Syntax[edit] The MATLAB application is built around the MATLAB language, and most use of MATLAB involves typing MATLAB code into the Command Window (as an interactive mathematical shell), or executing text files containing MATLAB codes, including scripts and/or functions.[7] Variables[edit] .fig

Ident Engine Graph dynamical system In mathematics, the concept of graph dynamical systems can be used to capture a wide range of processes taking place on graphs or networks. A major theme in the mathematical and computational analysis of GDSs is to relate their structural properties (e.g. the network connectivity) and the global dynamics that result. The work on GDSs considers finite graphs and finite state spaces. As such, the research typically involves techniques from, e.g., graph theory, combinatorics, algebra, and dynamical systems rather than differential geometry. In principle, one could define and study GDSs over an infinite graph (e.g. cellular automata or Probabilistic Cellular Automata over or interacting particle systems when some randomness is included), as well as GDSs with infinite state space (e.g. as in coupled map lattices); see, for example, Wu.[1] In the following, everything is implicitly assumed to be finite unless stated otherwise. Formal definition[edit] Generalized cellular automata (GCA)[edit]

Pellet Features Pellet supports a wide range of standard and novel features: Standard Reasoning Services Pellet supports reasoning with the full expressivity of OWL-DL (SHOIN(D) in Description Logic jargon) and has been extended to support the forthcoming OWL 2 specification (SROIQ(D)), which adds the following language constructs: qualified cardinality restrictions complex subproperty axioms (between a property chain and a property) local reflexivity restrictions reflexive, irreflexive, symmetric, and anti-symmetric properties disjoint properties negative property assertions vocabulary sharing (punning) between individuals, classes, and properties user-defined dataranges Pellet also provides reasoning with the following features from OWL Full: inverse functional datatype properties Pellet provides all the standard inference services that are traditionally provided by DL reasoners: Consistency checking Ensures that an ontology does not contain any contradictory facts. Concept satisfiability Classification

SQL SQL (/ˈɛs kjuː ˈɛl/,[4] or /ˈsiːkwəl/; Structured Query Language[5][6][7][8]) is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS). Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language and a data manipulation language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987.[12] Since then, the standard has been enhanced several times with added features. History[edit] SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Syntax[edit] Language elements[edit]

Games in a Flash: Flash Games | Customizable Games Sequential dynamical system Phase space of the sequential dynamical system Sequential dynamical systems (SDSs) are a class of graph dynamical systems. They are discrete dynamical systems which generalize many aspects of for example classical cellular automata, and they provide a framework for studying asynchronous processes over graphs. The analysis of SDSs uses techniques from combinatorics, abstract algebra, graph theory, dynamical systems and probability theory. Definition[edit] An SDS is constructed from the following components: A finite graph Y with vertex set v[Y] = {1,2, ... , n}. It is convenient to introduce the Y-local maps Fi constructed from the vertex functions by The word w specifies the sequence in which the Y-local maps are composed to derive the sequential dynamical system map F: Kn → Kn as If the update sequence is a permutation one frequently speaks of a permutation SDS to emphasize this point. Example[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]

WebProtege WebProtégé The new WebProtégé with simplified editing and improved collaboration support WebProtégé is a free, open source collaborative ontology development environment for the Web. We encourage end users to use our hosted solution at: WebProtégé provides the following features: Support for editing OWL 2 ontologies A default simple editing interface, which provides access to commonly used OWL constructs Full change tracking and revision history Collaboration tools such as, sharing and permissions, threaded notes and discussions, watches and email notifications Customizable user interface Customizable Web forms for application/domain specific editing Support for editing OBO ontologies Multiple formats for upload and download of ontologies (supported formats: RDF/XML, Turtle, OWL/XML, OBO, and others) Source code Latest release and release notes Documentation User's Guide Download and Install - Administrator's Guide Developer's Guide About WebProtégé

Innovation While something novel is often described as an innovation, in economics, management science, and other fields of practice and analysis it is generally considered a process that brings together various novel ideas in a way that they have an impact on society. Innovation differs from invention in that innovation refers to the use of a better and, as a result, novel idea or method, whereas invention refers more directly to the creation of the idea or method itself. Innovation differs from improvement in that innovation refers to the notion of doing something different rather than doing the same thing better. Inter-disciplinary views[edit] Society[edit] Due to its widespread effect, innovation is an important topic in the study of economics, business, entrepreneurship, design, technology, sociology, and engineering. Innovation is not only a modern phenomenon. Business and economics[edit] In business and economics, innovation is the catalyst to growth. Organizations[edit] According to Peter F.

PushButton Engine - Modular Flash Game Development Gene regulatory network Structure of a gene regulatory network Control process of a gene regulatory network In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol.[1] This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects. In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape.[2] Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Overview[edit] Example of a regulatory network built in Pathway Studio The nodes of this network are proteins, their corresponding mRNAs, and protein/protein complexes. .

C++ C++ (pronounced see plus plus) is a general purpose programming language that is free-form and compiled. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language features.[3] It provides imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features. C++ is one of the most popular programming languages[4][5] and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient performance driven programming language it is used in systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games.[6] Various entities provide both open source and proprietary C++ compiler software, including the FSF, LLVM, Microsoft and Intel. History As the C++ language evolved, the standard library evolved with it. Etymology Philosophy Standardization C++14 or C++1y are names being used for the next minor revision. Language Templates

Introduction Adapted from Explaining OAuth, published on September 05, 2007 by Eran Hammer-Lahav A Little Bit of History OAuth started around November 2006, while Blaine Cook was working on the Twitter OpenID implementation. He got in touch with Chris Messina looking for a way to use OpenID together with the Twitter API to delegate authentication. In April 2007, a Google group was created with a small group of implementers to write a proposal for an open protocol. What is it For? Many luxury cars today come with a valet key. Every day new websites launch offering services which tie together functionality from other sites. This is the problem OAuth solves. OAuth and OpenID OAuth is not an OpenID extension and at the specification level, shares only few things with OpenID – some common authors and the fact both are open specification in the realm of authentication and access control. Who is Going to Use it? Everyone. Is OAuth a New Concept? No. Is It Ready?

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