Exhalation
Exhalation (or expiration) is the flow of the respiratory current out of the organism. In humans it is the movement of air out of the bronchial tubes, through the airways, to the external environment during breathing. This happens due to elastic properties of the lungs, as well as the internal intercostal muscles which lower the rib cage and decrease thoracic volume. Exhaled air is rich in carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration during the production of energy, which is stored as ATP. Exhalation & Gas Exchange[edit] The main reason for exhalation is to rid the body of carbon dioxide, which is the waste product of gas exchange in humans. It is during exhalation that the olfaction contribution to flavor occurs in contrast to that of ordinary smell which occurs during the inhalation phase.[4] Spirometry[edit] Spirometry is used to measure lung function. TLC is the maximum amount of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation. Brain Involvement[edit] Voluntary Expiration[edit]
Oxygen
Blue white glow from an oxygen discharge tube. Oxygen is an important part of the atmosphere, and is necessary to sustain most terrestrial life as it is used in respiration. However, it is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in Earth's atmosphere without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms, which use the energy of sunlight to produce elemental oxygen from water. Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published first. Characteristics Structure Oxygen O2 molecule. At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas with the molecular formula O 2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration. A trickle of liquid oxygen is deflected by a magnetic field, illustrating its paramagnetic property
Inhalation
Inhalation (also known as inspiration) is the flow of air into an organism. It is a vital process for all human life. In humans it is the movement of air from the external environment, through the airways, and into the alveoli. Other muscles that can be involved in inhalation include:[1] Hyperaeration[edit] Hyperaeration or hyperinflation is where the lung volume is abnormally increased, with increased filling of the alveoli. It causes one form of overexpansion of the lung. See also[edit] References[edit]
Breathing gas
Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas. Other gases, either pure gases or mixtures of gases, are used in breathing equipment and enclosed habitats such as SCUBA equipment, surface supplied diving equipment, recompression chambers, submarines, space suits, spacecraft, medical life support and first aid equipment, high-altitude mountaineering and anaesthetic machines.[1][2][3] Most breathing gases are a mixture of oxygen and one or more inert gases.[1][3] Other breathing gases have been developed to improve on the performance of air by reducing the risk of decompression sickness, reducing the duration of decompression stops, reducing nitrogen narcosis or allowing safer deep diving.[1][3] A safe breathing gas for hyperbaric use has three essential features: it must contain sufficient oxygen to support life, consciousness and work rate of the breather.[1][2][3]it must not contain harmful gases. Common diving breathing gases[edit] These common diving breathing gases are used:
Breathing
A schematic view of the human respiratory system. In addition to removing carbon dioxide, breathing results in loss of water from the body. Exhaled air has a relative humidity of 100% because of water diffusing across the moist surface of breathing passages and alveoli. When a person exhales into very cold outdoor air, the moisture-laden atmosphere from the lungs becomes chilled to the point where the water condenses into a fog ("seeing the breath"). Mechanics[edit] In Mammals, breathing in, or inhaling, is due to the contraction and flattening of the diaphragm, a domed muscle that separates thorax and abdomen. Diaphragm, Intercostal Muscles, Scalenes, Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior, Sternocleidomastoid, Levator Costarum, Upper Trapezius, Latissmus Dorsi, and Subclavis. Eight are used for forced expiration:[4] Internal intercostal, Obliquus Internus, Obliquus Externus, Levator Ani, Triangularis Sterni, Transversalis, Pyramidalis, and Rectus Abdominus. Control of breathing[edit]
Atmosphere of Earth
Composition of Earth's atmosphere by volume. The lower pie represents the trace gases which together compose 0.038% of the atmosphere. The numbers are from a variety of years (mainly 1987, with CO2 and methane from 2009) and do not represent any single source. The common name given to the atmospheric gases used in breathing and photosynthesis is air. The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15×1018 kg, three quarters of which is within about 11 km (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The study of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science or aerology. Composition Mean atmospheric water vapor Structure of the atmosphere Principal layers In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. Exosphere: >700 km (>440 miles)Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles)[6]Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles)Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles)Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles)[7] Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere
Rebreather
For diving with a rebreather, see rebreather diving. A rebreather is a breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a user's exhaled breath to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused oxygen content of each breath. Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the user. This differs from open-circuit breathing apparatus, where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment. Rebreather technology may be used where breathing gas supply is limited, such as underwater or in space, where the environment is toxic or hypoxic, as in firefighting, mine rescue and high altitude operations, or where the breathing gas is specially enriched or contains expensive components, such as helium diluent or anaesthetic gases. Rebreather technology is used in many environments: This may be compared with some applications of open circuit breathing apparatus: General concept[edit] As a person breathes, the body consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. It is toxic to humans and animals when encountered in higher concentrations, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal biological functions. In the atmosphere, it is spatially variable and short lived, having a role in the formation of ground-level ozone. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a triple bond that consists of two covalent bonds as well as one dative covalent bond. It is the simplest oxocarbon, and isoelectronic with the cyanide ion and molecular nitrogen. In coordination complexes the carbon monoxide ligand is called carbonyl. In biology, carbon monoxide is naturally produced by the action of heme oxygenase 1 and 2 on the heme from hemoglobin breakdown. History[edit] Molecular properties[edit] Bonding and dipole moment[edit] Bond polarity and oxidation state[edit]
