The Battle of Marathon, 490 BC The Battle of Marathon, 490 BC The battle of Marathon is one of history's most famous military engagements. It is also one of the earliest recorded battles. In September of 490 BC a Persian armada of 600 ships disgorged an invasion force of approximately 20,000 infantry and cavalry on Greek soil just north of Athens. Undaunted by the numerical superiority of the invaders, Athens mobilized 10,000 hoplite warriors to defend their territory. One of the Greek generals - Miltiades - made a passionate plea for boldness and convinced his fellow generals to attack the Persians. The remaining Persians escaped on their ships and made an attempt to attack what they thought was an undefended Athens. Known as the "Father of History", Herodotus wrote his description of the battle a few years after it occurred. "The Athenians were drawn up in order of battle in a sacred close belonging to Heracles, when they were joined by the Plataeans, who came in full force to their aid.
Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt history covers a continuous period of over three thousand years. To put this in perspective - most modern countries count their histories in hundreds of years. Only modern China can come anywhere near this in terms of historical continuity. The entire civilization of Ancient Egypt was based on religion, and their beliefs were important to them. Ancient Egypt belief in the rebirth after death became their driving force behind their funeral practices. Ancient Egypt believed that death was simply a temporary interruption, rather than complete cessation, of life, and that eternal life could be ensured by means like piety to the gods, preservation of the physical form through Mummification, and the provision of statuary and other funerary equipment. This scene depicts what occurs after a person has died, according to ancient Egypt. Beginning with the upper left-hand corner, the deceased appears before a panel of 14 judges to make an accounting for his deeds during life.
Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, 4th Century BC Everyday Life in Ancient Greece Centered within a loose collection of city-states (often at war with one another), ancient Greek culture reached its pinnacle during the fourth century BC - an era described as its "Golden Age." Art, theater, music, poetry, philosophy, and political experiments such as democracy flourished. Greek influence stretched along the northern rim of the Mediterranean from the shores of Asia Minor to the Italian peninsula. In Athens, society was male-dominated - only men could be citizens and only upper-class males enjoyed a formal education. Most homes were modest, windowless and wrapped around a courtyard. Xenophon was a pupil of Socrates. "Why, then, Socrates, my habit is to rise from bed betimes, when I may still expect to find at home this, that, or the other friend whom I may wish to see. After this, usually I mount my horse and take a canter.
The Life of An Egyptian Initiate The Life of An Egyptian Initiate I am El-An, an Initiate in The Ancient Mystery Schools of Egypt. I am the first in line - on your left. I have come to tell you about the different Initiations. In ancient Egypt there were many degrees of Initiation and many Levels of Priesthoods. Some of the priests were born into families of Priests or Priestesses where it was assumed they would follow the path of the family bloodline. One could also become a Priest or Priestess after a long course of study, fasting, and ritual. High Priests were initiated by Ra, himself, in the Great Pyramid when the Sun aligned with the capstone by exact degree. These Priests would study for many years to achieve this level of spiritual accomplishment. At the time of the Initiation of the High Priests and Priestesses, a stillness would befall the land. Once inside the Great Initiation Pyramid the illusions would begin. The Initiates would enter a secret Chamber in the Pyramid where anything could happen. 0 Deg. 0 Deg.
The Suicide of Socrates, 399 BC The Suicide of Socrates, 399 BC On a day in 399 BC the philosopher Socrates stood before a jury of 500 of his fellow Athenians accused of "refusing to recognize the gods recognized by the state" and of "corrupting the youth." If found guilty; his penalty could be death. Socrates was 70 years old and familiar to most Athenians. After hearing the arguments of both Socrates and his accusers, the jury was asked to vote on his guilt. The jurors were next asked to determine Socrates' penalty. The philosopher was taken to the near-by jail where his sentence would be carried out. Plato was Socrates' most famous student. "When Crito heard, he signaled to the slave who was standing by. 'Just drink it and walk around until your legs begin to feel heavy, then lie down. The latter took it quite cheerfully without a tremor, with no change of color or expression. The answer came, 'We allow reasonable time in which to drink it.' He said, 'You are strange fellows; what is wrong with you?
Livre des morts | Livre pour sortir au jour Alexander Defeats The Persians, 331 BC Alexander Defeats The Persians, 331 BC Alexander began his war against the Persians in 334 BC. At the time the Macedonian leader was twenty-two years old. At his death eleven years later, Alexander ruled the largest empire of the ancient world. His victory at the battle of Gaugamela on the Persian plains was a decisive conquest that insured the defeat of his Persian rival King Darius III. Darius was prepared for battle having selected this spot to meet his enemy. After his defeat at Issus two years previously, Darius made sure that this battleground favored his army and its tactics - particularly the use of his feared scythe-wheeled chariots. The following description of the battle of Gaugamela was written by the Greek historian Arrian in the second century AD. "When the armies drew near each other, Darius and the men especially around him were observed opposite Alexander himself and his royal squadron of cavalry.
Philosophie et spiritulité de l'antique temple égyptien. (Partie 2) Pensée 2. « Quand les oreilles de l’élève sont prêtes à entendre, c’est alors que viennent les lèvres pour les remplir de Sagesse. » Le Kybalion (Hermès Trismégiste). Pensée 3. « Toute Cause à son effet ; tout effet a sa cause ; tout arrive conformément à la Loi ; la Chance n’est qu’un nom donné à la Loi méconnue ; il y a de nombreux plans de causation, mais rien n’échappe à la Loi. » Le Kybalion (Hermès Trismégiste). Pensée 4. « J’ai été initié dans ces mystères. En vérité je ne répèterai jamais ce que j’ai entendu. 3.1. — La classe sacerdotale Tous n’étaient pas des prêtres dans cette « Maison » représentée par le clergé de l’ancienne Égypte, qui vivait dans l’enceinte des temples et de ses annexes, mais beaucoup l’étaient à un titre ou à un autre. 3.2. — L’accession au sacerdoce Il est difficile de dégager une règle définissant les conditions d’accès aux fonctions sacerdotales pour toutes les époques. 3.3. — La pensée religieuse 3.4. — Le statut de prêtre 3.5. — Hiérarchie du clergé
Philosophie et spiritulité de l'antique temple égyptien. (Partie 1) Pensée 1. «.Les demi-initiés, reconnaissant la non-réalité relative de l’Univers, s’imaginent qu’ils peuvent défier ses Lois. Ce sont des sots insensés et présomptueux qui vont se briser contre les écueils et que les éléments déchireront à cause de leur folie. Le véritable initié connaissant la nature de l’Univers, se sert de la Loi contre les lois, du supérieur contre l’inférieur, et par l’Art de l’Alchimie, il transmute les choses viles en des choses précieuses.; c’est ainsi qu’il triomphe. La Maîtrise ne se manifeste pas par des rêves anomaux, des visions et des idées fantastiques, mais par l’utilisation des forces supérieures contre les forces inférieures, en évitant les souffrances des plans inférieurs en vibrant sur les plans supérieurs. 1 — POLYTHÉISME OU MONOTHÉISME DE LA RELIGION DE L’ancienne ÉGYPTE ? L’Égypte antique a-t-elle été monothéiste ? Aborder le thème du monothéisme en Ancienne Égypte est un exercice aussi passionnant que périlleux. Quelques définitions. Hénothéisme
Resurrection | HAIR AND DEATH IN ANCIENT EGYPT All along this work we have found three different mourners involved in Egyptian funerals. On one hand there were groups of common mourners (mainly women, but sometimes also men) among the rest of the members of the cortège. They were walking together weeping and making the typical gestures of mourning: beating themselves, raising arms, ripping their clothes…those gesture included also to shake the hair and cover the face with it (nwn) or to pull a front lock of hair (nwn m). Was it something spontaneous and did it not depend on any order? On the other hand, Egyptian iconography, specially tombs and papyrus from New Kingdom, show us the deceased’s widow next to the coffin also weeping and making mourning gestures, but apparently never shaking or pulling her hair. Isis and Nephtys are at both extremes of the mummy. Finally, the funerary ceremony in Ancient Egypt counted on the participation of two mourning women playing the roles of Isis and Nepthys.