Stimulant Ritalin sustained-release (SR) 20 mg tablets Effects[edit] Medical uses[edit] Stimulants are used both individually and clinically for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of a number of indications, including the following: To counteract lethargy and fatigue throughout the day while at work or while doing other activitiesTo reduce sleepiness and to keep the person awake when necessary, as well as to treat narcolepsyTo decrease appetite and promote weight loss, as well as to treat obesityTo improve concentration and focus, and reduce restlessness and hyperactivity, especially for those with attentional disorders such as ADHDOccasionally, used off-label to treat clinical depression, in particular, non-typical depression and treatment-resistant depressionTo relieve nasal congestion and to treat orthostatic hypotension and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.To aid in smoking cessation. ADHD drugs[edit] Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD. Ampakines[edit]
Anandamide Chemical compound (fatty acid neurotransmitter) Chemical compound Anandamide is derived from the non-oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid, an essential omega-6 fatty acid. It is synthesized from N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine by multiple pathways.[5] It is degraded primarily by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme, which converts anandamide into ethanolamine and arachidonic acid. As such, inhibitors of FAAH lead to elevated anandamide levels and are being pursued for therapeutic use.[6][7] Physiological functions[edit] Anandamide was first described (and named) in 1992 by Raphael Mechoulam and his lab members W. Anandamide has been shown to impair working memory in rats.[9] Studies are under way to explore what role anandamide plays in human behavior, such as eating and sleep patterns, and pain relief. Anandamide is also important for implantation of the early stage embryo in its blastocyst form into the uterus. Synthesis and degradation[edit] See also[edit] Virodhamine
Adderall While concerns have been raised over side effects and rare, serious complications, Adderall is generally well-tolerated and effective.[3] The most common side effects are cardiovascular, such as fast or irregular heartbeat, and psychological, such as anxiety. Adderall is a common drug of abuse.[citation needed] However, abuse or dependence is very unlikely to develop in those who use it as prescribed. Uses[edit] Medical[edit] Adderall is generally used for the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy, the two conditions for which the United States Food and Drug Administration has approved its use.[4] However, it is sometimes prescribed off-label for other conditions such as depression. Dosing and administration[edit] Performance-enhancing[edit] Recreational[edit] Side effects[edit] Physical Psychological Overdose[edit] Dependence, addiction, and withdrawal
Amfonelic acid Chemical compound Amfonelic acid (AFA; WIN 25,978) is a research chemical and dopaminergic stimulant with antibiotic properties.[1] History[edit] Pharmacology[edit] In studies it proved to be a potent and highly selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) in rat brain preparations.[4][5] A study found a moderately long half-life of approximately 12 hours and a dopaminergic potency approximately 50 fold that of methylphenidate in rat brain preparations.[6] Despite lack of direct serotonin activity, rats treated with subchronic doses of amfonelic acid display subsequent decreases in 5HT and 5HIAA.[7] Amfonelic acid displays no activity in the norepinephrine system.[8] Though AFA was discovered in the course of antibiotic research, there is very little data available on the drug's antimicrobial activity. See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]
Areca nut Fruit of the areca palm chewed as a stimulant The areca nut ( or ) is the fruit of the areca palm (Areca catechu), which grows in much of the tropical Pacific (Melanesia and Micronesia), South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of east Africa. It is commonly referred to as betel nut, not to be confused with betel (Piper betle) leaves that are often used to wrap it. The practice of chewing the nut together with other herbs as a psychoactive drug, dates back thousands of years in south and southeast Asia, and continues to the present day in many countries. Consumption has many harmful effects on health and is carcinogenic to humans. Etymology[edit] The term areca originated from Dravidian languages, cognates of which are: Malayalam: അടയ്ക്ക, romanized: aṭaykkaKannada: ಅಡಿಕೆ, romanized: adikeTulu: ಬಜೆಕಾಯಿ, romanized=bajekaiTamil: அடைக்காய், romanized: aḍaikkāy[1] The terms dates back to the 16th century when Dutch and Portuguese sailors took the nut from India to Europe. Description[edit]
ALD-52 ALD-52, also known as N-acetyl-LSD, is a chemical analogue of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It was originally discovered by Albert Hofmann but was not widely studied until the rise in popularity of psychedelics in the 1960s. Effects[edit] In Entry 26 of his compendium TiHKAL, which discussed LSD, Shulgin touched briefly on the subject of ALD-52. His writings are vague, second hand accounts, saying doses in the 50-175 µg range have resulted in various conclusions. He found that there was less visual distortion than with LSD and it seemed to produce less anxiety and tenseness and that it was somewhat less potent. Safety[edit] In The Hallucinogens by Hoffer and Osmond (1967), ALD-52 is listed as having a lower (approximately 1/5) intravenous toxicity (in rabbits), a lower (approximately 1/8) pyretogenic effect, an equal psychological effect in humans, and double the "antiserotonin" effect as compared with LSD. History[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]
Benzhydrocodone Benzhydrocodone (INN) (contracted from benzoate-hydrocodone) is an opioid prodrug of the morphinan class. Its chemical structure consists of hydrocodone coupled with benzoic acid. Benzhydrocodone itself is inactive and acts as a prodrug to hydrocodone upon cleavage of the benzoate portion of the molecule.[1] It is designed to be an opioid analgesic with a low chance of recreational use.[2] Created by Kempharm, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company in Coralville, Iowa, President and CEO, Travis Mickle, believes the molecular-based approach to abuse deterrent may be more effective than many formulation-based approaches.[3][4] When approved, Apadaz received a labeling that highlighted all relevant aspects of the drug, including the lower abuse profile compared to traditional hydrocodone-acetaminophen. FDA approval[edit] Clinical pharmacology[edit] Benzhydrocodone is a prodrug of hydrocodone. Effects[edit] Hydrocodone causes respiratory depression and miosis. Pharmacokinetics[edit] See also[edit]
Alcohol (drug) Active ingredient in alcoholic beverages Alcohol consumption recommendations[edit] Social effects[edit] Alcohol-related crimes[edit] Violent crime[edit] Automobile accidents[edit] Sexual assault[edit] Public drunkenness[edit] Methanol-laced alcohol[edit] Social benefits[edit] Health effects[edit] Short-term effects[edit] Central nervous system impairment[edit] Alcohol causes generalized CNS depression, is a positive allosteric GABAA modulator and is associated and related with cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory impairment. Gastrointestinal effects[edit] Alcohol can cause nausea and vomiting in sufficiently high amounts (varying by person). [edit] genetic abnormalities in the metabolism of ethanol, which can cause the ethanol metabolite, acetaldehyde, to accumulate in tissues and trigger the release of histamine, ortrue allergy reactions to allergens occurring naturally in, or contaminating, alcoholic beverages (particularly wine and beer), andother unknown causes. Overdose[edit] Brain damage[edit]
Benzylpiperazine Recreational drug Benzylpiperazine (BZP) is a recreational drug with euphoriant and stimulant properties. Several studies conducted between 2000 and 2011 found, that the effects of BZP are similar to amphetamine, although BZP requires ca. 10 higher dose.[5][6] Adverse effects have been reported following its use including acute psychosis, renal toxicity and seizures.[7] Deaths from piperazine derivatives are extremely rare, but there has been at least one death apparently due to BZP alone.[8] Its sale is banned in several countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, Bulgaria, Romania and other parts of Europe.[9][10] History[edit] Development history[edit] Recreational history[edit] In 1996, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration noted that it was being recreationally used in California.[11] It also reported that BZP was being used as an adulterant in illicit drugs. Production and distribution[edit]
AH-7921 Opioid analgesic AH-7921 is an opioid analgesic drug selective for the μ-opioid receptor, having around 90% the potency of morphine when administered orally.[1][2][3] It was discovered in the 1970s[4] by a team at Allen and Hanburys located in the United Kingdom.[5] The drug is considered a new psychoactive substance (NPS) in which it is synthetically created in laboratories to mimic that of controlled substances. The substance has also been sold on the internet since 2012 as a "research chemical".[6] When sold online it may be called the alternative name doxylam, not to be confused with doxylamine.[7] AH-7921 has never progressed to clinical trials.[8] The DEA is not aware of any medical usage in the United States, and has not insisted the Health and Human Services department (HHS) to conduct any medical research of the substance's uses.[5] Types of administration[edit] Side effects and withdrawal[edit] Chemistry[edit] Use[edit] Legality[edit] AH-7921 is banned in the Czech Republic.[22]
Adderall Drug mixture used mainly to treat ADHD and narcolepsy The two amphetamine enantiomers that compose Adderall (levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine) alleviate the symptoms of ADHD and narcolepsy by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, which results in part from their interactions with human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in neurons. Dextroamphetamine is a more potent Central nervous system (CNS) stimulant than levoamphetamine, but levoamphetamine has slightly stronger cardiovascular and peripheral effects and a longer elimination half-life than dextroamphetamine. Uses[edit] 30 capsules of 10 mg Adderall XR A group of 20 mg Adderall tablets, some broken in half, with a lengthwise-folded US dollar bill along the bottom (3.07 inches; 7.8 cm) for size comparison Medical[edit] Part of this section is transcluded from Amphetamine. Available forms[edit] Enhancing performance[edit]
Bucinnazine Bucinnazine (AP-237, 1-butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine) is an opioid analgesic drug that was widely used in China to treat pain in cancer patients as of 1986.[1] It is one of the most potent compounds among a series of piperazine-amides first synthesized and reported in Japan in the 1970s.[2][3][4] Bucinnazine has analgesic potency comparable to that of morphine but with a relatively higher therapeutic index. The drug was initially claimed to be a non-narcotic analgesic. Derivatives[edit] 2-methyl-AP-237 has been sold on the grey market as a designer opioid, first identified by a police forensic laboratory in Slovenia in March 2019.[6][7] See also[edit] References[edit]
Acetylfentanyl Opioid analgesic Deaths[edit] Europe[edit] Acetylfentanyl has been analytically confirmed in 32 fatalities in four European member states between 2013 and August 2015, Germany (2), Poland (1), Sweden (27) and the United Kingdom (2).[3] Russia[edit] Twelve deaths have been associated with acetylfentanyl in Russia since 2012.[3][11] United States[edit] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a health alert to report that between March 2013 and May 2013, 14 overdose deaths related to injected acetylfentanyl had occurred among intravenous drug users (ages between 19 and 57 years) in Rhode Island. Japan[edit] One fatal poisoning caused by intravenous injection of a "bath salt" product containing acetylfentanyl and 4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (aka 4-MeO-α-PVP, a substituted cathinone) has been reported in 2016.[15] Legal status[edit] Canada[edit] As an analog of fentanyl, acetylfentanyl is a Schedule I controlled drug.[1] China[edit] United States[edit] Switzerland[edit]
Buprenorphine Opioid used to treat opioid and opiate addiction and dependence, acute pain, and chronic pain Side effects may include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), sleepiness, adrenal insufficiency, QT prolongation, low blood pressure, allergic reactions, constipation, and opioid addiction.[8][11] Among those with a history of seizures, a risk exists of further seizures.[8] Opioid withdrawal following stopping buprenorphine is generally less severe than with other opioids.[8] Whether use during pregnancy is safe is unclear, but use while breastfeeding is probably safe, since the dose the infant receives is 1-2% that of the maternal dose, on a weight basis.[12][8] Medical uses[edit] Opioid use disorder[edit] Buprenorphine patches in the pouch with packaging: A removed patch is shown on the left. In Britain, buprenorphine patches are named Butec 5, Butec 10, and so on. Buprenorphine versus methadone[edit] Chronic pain[edit] Potency[edit] Veterinary Uses[edit] Adverse effects[edit] Chemistry[edit]