Amphetamine

Methamphetamine Methamphetamine[note 1] (pronunciation: /ˌmɛθæmˈfɛtəmiːn/; contracted from N-methyl-alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a neurotoxin and potent psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes that is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity. Methamphetamine exists as two enantiomers, dextrorotary and levorotary.[note 2] Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger central nervous system (CNS) stimulant than levomethamphetamine; however, both are addictive and produce the same toxicity symptoms at high doses. Methamphetamine may be sold illegally, either as pure dextromethamphetamine or in an equal parts mixture of the right and left handed molecules (i.e., 50% levomethamphetamine and 50% dextromethamphetamine). In low doses, methamphetamine can cause an elevated mood and increase alertness, concentration, and energy in fatigued individuals. Uses Medical Recreational Desoxyn tablets – pharmaceutical methamphetamine hydrochloride Contraindications Side effects

Methadone Methadone (also known as Symoron, Dolophine, Amidone, Methadose, Physeptone, Heptadon and many other names) is a synthetic opioid. It is used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive and reductive preparation for use by patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937, mainly because Germany required a reliable internal source of opiates. Methadone is mainly used in the treatment of opioid dependence. A number of pharmaceutical companies produce and distribute methadone. Medical uses[edit] Methadone maintenance[edit] A 2009 Cochrane review found that methadone was effective in retaining people in treatment and in the suppression of heroin use as measured by self report and urine/hair analysis, but did not affect criminal activity or risk of death.[4] Methadone helps addicts be more social and producive in life. The treatment of opiate addicted persons with Methadone will follow one of two routes. In Russia, methadone treatment is illegal. As of 1.

Stimulant Ritalin sustained-release (SR) 20 mg tablets Effects[edit] Medical uses[edit] Stimulants are used both individually and clinically for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of a number of indications, including the following: To counteract lethargy and fatigue throughout the day while at work or while doing other activitiesTo reduce sleepiness and to keep the person awake when necessary, as well as to treat narcolepsyTo decrease appetite and promote weight loss, as well as to treat obesityTo improve concentration and focus, and reduce restlessness and hyperactivity, especially for those with attentional disorders such as ADHDOccasionally, used off-label to treat clinical depression, in particular, non-typical depression and treatment-resistant depressionTo relieve nasal congestion and to treat orthostatic hypotension and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.To aid in smoking cessation. ADHD drugs[edit] Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD. Ampakines[edit]

Anandamide Chemical compound (fatty acid neurotransmitter) Chemical compound Anandamide is derived from the non-oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid, an essential omega-6 fatty acid. It is synthesized from N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine by multiple pathways.[5] It is degraded primarily by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme, which converts anandamide into ethanolamine and arachidonic acid. As such, inhibitors of FAAH lead to elevated anandamide levels and are being pursued for therapeutic use.[6][7] Physiological functions[edit] Anandamide was first described (and named) in 1992 by Raphael Mechoulam and his lab members W. Anandamide has been shown to impair working memory in rats.[9] Studies are under way to explore what role anandamide plays in human behavior, such as eating and sleep patterns, and pain relief. Anandamide is also important for implantation of the early stage embryo in its blastocyst form into the uterus. Synthesis and degradation[edit] See also[edit] Virodhamine

Methylphenidate Methylphenidate (trade names Concerta, Methylin, Ritalin, Equasym XL) is a psychostimulant drug and substituted phenethylamine approved for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and narcolepsy. The original patent was owned by CIBA, now Novartis Corporation. It was first licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1955 for treating what was then known as hyperactivity. Uses[edit] Medical[edit] MPH is a commonly prescribed psychostimulant and works by increasing the activity of the central nervous system.[5] It produces such effects as increasing or maintaining alertness, combating fatigue, and improving attention.[6] The short-term benefits and cost effectiveness of methylphenidate are well established, although long-term effects are unknown.[7][8] The long term effects of methylphenidate on the developing brain are unknown. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[edit] Mechanisms of ADHD[edit] Other[edit]

Cocaine Cocaine (INN) (benzoylmethylecgonine, an ecgonine derivative) is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.[5] The name comes from "coca" and the alkaloid suffix "-ine", forming "cocaine". It is a stimulant, an appetite suppressant, and a nonspecific voltage gated sodium channel blocker, which in turn causes it to produce anaesthesia at low doses. Biologically, cocaine acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor, also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI). It is addictive due to its effect on the mesolimbic reward pathway.[6] It is markedly more dangerous than other CNS stimulants, including the entire amphetamine drug class,[7] at high doses due to its effect on sodium channels, as blockade of Nav1.5 can cause sudden cardiac death. Unlike most molecules, cocaine has pockets[clarification needed] with both high hydrophilic and lipophilic efficiency, violating the rule of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. Medical effects Acute

Adderall While concerns have been raised over side effects and rare, serious complications, Adderall is generally well-tolerated and effective.[3] The most common side effects are cardiovascular, such as fast or irregular heartbeat, and psychological, such as anxiety. Adderall is a common drug of abuse.[citation needed] However, abuse or dependence is very unlikely to develop in those who use it as prescribed. Uses[edit] Medical[edit] Adderall is generally used for the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy, the two conditions for which the United States Food and Drug Administration has approved its use.[4] However, it is sometimes prescribed off-label for other conditions such as depression. Dosing and administration[edit] Performance-enhancing[edit] Recreational[edit] Side effects[edit] Physical Psychological Overdose[edit] Dependence, addiction, and withdrawal

Amfonelic acid Chemical compound Amfonelic acid (AFA; WIN 25,978) is a research chemical and dopaminergic stimulant with antibiotic properties.[1] History[edit] Pharmacology[edit] In studies it proved to be a potent and highly selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) in rat brain preparations.[4][5] A study found a moderately long half-life of approximately 12 hours and a dopaminergic potency approximately 50 fold that of methylphenidate in rat brain preparations.[6] Despite lack of direct serotonin activity, rats treated with subchronic doses of amfonelic acid display subsequent decreases in 5HT and 5HIAA.[7] Amfonelic acid displays no activity in the norepinephrine system.[8] Though AFA was discovered in the course of antibiotic research, there is very little data available on the drug's antimicrobial activity. See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]

Understand - a novelette by Ted Chiang I 'm in the middle of retouching a holograph when the phone rings. I waver between the phone and the console, and reluctantly opt for the phone. I'd normally have the answering machine take any calls when I'm editing, but I need to let people know I'm working again. I lost a lot of business when I was in the hospital: one of the risks of being a freelancer. "Hey Leon, it's Jerry." "Hi Jerry. "You interested in seeing a movie tonight? "Tonight? "What's that?" "It's called . "Is this some kind of Shakespearean soliloquy?" Too much: with that lighting, the outer edges will be too bright. "I didn't know you were such a fan of poetry." After checking all the numbers once more, I let the computer recalculate the interference pattern. "Thanks, but I think we'll stick with the movie." "Okay, you guys have fun. Suddenly it occurs to me what's just happened. Will the surprises never end? And now I find I can concentrate on two things at once; something I never would have predicted. "Good," says Dr.

Crack - Crack cocaine Crack cocaine ‘rocks’. Appearance and characteristics In purer forms, crack rocks appear as off-white nuggets with jagged edges,[3] with a slightly higher density than candle wax. Crack cocaine as sold on the streets may be adulterated or "cut" with other substances mimicking the appearance of crack cocaine to increase bulk. Chemistry In order for cocaine (in plastic bag at bottom) to be converted to crack, several supplies are needed. A close up of the "cooking" process that creates crack. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, common baking soda) is a base used in preparation of crack, although other weak bases may substitute for it. Coc-H+Cl− + NaHCO3 → Coc + H2O + CO2 + NaCl With Ammonium bicarbonate: Coc-H+Cl− + NH4HCO3 → Coc + NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O With Ammonium carbonate: 2(Coc-H+Cl−) + (NH4)2CO3 → 2 Coc + 2 NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form,[3] although it is not uncommon for some users to "wash up" or "cook" powder cocaine into crack themselves. Addiction

Areca nut Fruit of the areca palm chewed as a stimulant The areca nut ( or ) is the fruit of the areca palm (Areca catechu), which grows in much of the tropical Pacific (Melanesia and Micronesia), South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of east Africa. It is commonly referred to as betel nut, not to be confused with betel (Piper betle) leaves that are often used to wrap it. The practice of chewing the nut together with other herbs as a psychoactive drug, dates back thousands of years in south and southeast Asia, and continues to the present day in many countries. Consumption has many harmful effects on health and is carcinogenic to humans. Etymology[edit] The term areca originated from Dravidian languages, cognates of which are: Malayalam: അടയ്ക്ക, romanized: aṭaykkaKannada: ಅಡಿಕೆ, romanized: adikeTulu: ಬಜೆಕಾಯಿ, romanized=bajekaiTamil: அடைக்காய், romanized: aḍaikkāy[1] The terms dates back to the 16th century when Dutch and Portuguese sailors took the nut from India to Europe. Description[edit]

Marginal utility Marginality[edit] The term marginal refers to a small change, starting from some baseline level. As Philip Wicksteed explained the term, "Marginal considerations are considerations which concern a slight increase or diminution of the stock of anything which we possess or are considering"[2] In practice the smallest relevant division may be quite large. Utility[edit] Depending on which theory of utility is used, the interpretation of marginal utility can be meaningful or not. Contemporary mainstream economic theory frequently defers metaphysical questions, and merely notes or assumes that preference structures conforming to certain rules can be usefully proxied by associating goods, services, or their uses with quantities, and defines "utility" as such a quantification.[5] Though generally pursued outside of the mainstream methods, there are conceptions of utility that do not rely on quantification. Diminishing marginal utility[edit] Marginalist theory[edit] Adam Smith to state is Moreover, if and

Ecstasy - MDMA MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) is an empathogenic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes of drugs. MDMA has become widely known as "ecstasy" (shortened to "E", "X", or "XTC"), usually referring to its street form, although this term may also include the presence of possible adulterants. The UK term "Mandy" and the US term "Molly" colloquially refer to MDMA that is relatively free of adulterants.[3] MDMA can induce euphoria, a sense of intimacy with others, diminished anxiety, and mild psychedelia. Many studies, particularly in the fields of psychology and cognitive therapy, have suggested MDMA has therapeutic benefits and facilitates therapy sessions in certain individuals, a practice for which it had been formally used in the past. Clinical trials are now testing the therapeutic potential of MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety associated with terminal cancer[4][5] and addiction.[6] Medical use[edit] Recreational use[edit] Tablets containing MDMA

ALD-52 ALD-52, also known as N-acetyl-LSD, is a chemical analogue of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It was originally discovered by Albert Hofmann but was not widely studied until the rise in popularity of psychedelics in the 1960s. Effects[edit] In Entry 26 of his compendium TiHKAL, which discussed LSD, Shulgin touched briefly on the subject of ALD-52. His writings are vague, second hand accounts, saying doses in the 50-175 µg range have resulted in various conclusions. He found that there was less visual distortion than with LSD and it seemed to produce less anxiety and tenseness and that it was somewhat less potent. Safety[edit] In The Hallucinogens by Hoffer and Osmond (1967), ALD-52 is listed as having a lower (approximately 1/5) intravenous toxicity (in rabbits), a lower (approximately 1/8) pyretogenic effect, an equal psychological effect in humans, and double the "antiserotonin" effect as compared with LSD. History[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]