Barb - Barbiturate Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants. Barbiturates also have analgesic effects; however, these effects are somewhat weak, preventing barbiturates from being used in surgery in the absence of other analgesics. They have addiction potential, both physical and psychological. History[edit] It was not until the 1950s that the behavioural disturbances and physical dependence potential of barbiturates became recognized.[5] Barbituric acid itself does not have any direct effect on the central nervous system and chemists have derived over 2,500 compounds from it that possess pharmacologically active qualities. Barbiturates can in most cases be used either as the free acid or as salts of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, lithium, etc. Therapeutic uses[edit] Prescribing protocols[edit] Overdose[edit]
Ketobemidone Chemical compound Ketobemidone, sold under the brand name Ketogan among others, is a powerful synthetic opioid painkiller. Its effectiveness against pain is in the same range as morphine, and it also has some NMDA-antagonist properties imparted, in part, by its metabolite norketobemidone.[2] This may make it useful for some types of pain that do not respond well to other opioids.[2] It is marketed in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden and is used for severe pain.[3] History[edit] Ketobemidone was first synthesized in 1942 by Eisleb and colleagues,[4] at the laboratory of I.G. Farbenindustrie at Hoechst during the Second World War. Pharmacology[edit] Analgesia after 5-10 mg orally or 5-7.5 mg intravenously lasts 3–5 hours. [edit] Ketobemidone is mainly metabolized by conjugation of the phenolic hydroxyl group, and by N-demethylation. Chemistry[edit] Because of a strong vesicant nature of bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine there are many other routes developed for obtaining ketobemidone.
GHB - gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid GHB has been used in a medical setting as a general anesthetic, to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, narcolepsy, and alcoholism, and to improve athletic performance.[5] It is also used as an intoxicant (illegally in many jurisdictions) or as a date rape drug.[6] GHB is naturally produced in the human body's cells and is structurally related to the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate. As a supplement or drug, it is used most commonly in the form of a salt, such as sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (Na.GHB, sodium oxybate, or Xyrem) or potassium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (K.GHB, potassium oxybate). GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation, and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is a disease that causes GHB to accumulate in the blood. Medical use[edit] The only common medical applications for GHB today are in the treatment of narcolepsy and more rarely alcoholism.[7] Recreational use[edit] In the US[edit]
JWH-018 Chemical compound JWH-018 (1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) or AM-678[1] is an analgesic chemical from the naphthoylindole family that acts as a full agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, with some selectivity for CB2. It produces effects in animals similar to those of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a cannabinoid naturally present in cannabis, leading to its use in synthetic cannabis products that in some countries are sold legally as "incense blends".[2][3][4][5][6] As a full agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, this chemical compound is classified as an analgesic medication.[7] The analgesic effects of cannabinoid ligands, mediated by CB1 receptors are well established in treatment of neuropathic pain, as well as cancer pain and arthritis.[7] History[edit] John W. Pharmacology[edit] Pharmacokinetics[edit] Metabolism of JWH-018 was assessed using Wistar rats which had been administered an ethanolic extract containing JWH-018. Usage[edit] Legal status[edit]
Indica - Cannabis drug strains Types of varieties[edit] Major variety types[edit] Relative size of cannabis types The two species of the Cannabis genus that are most commonly grown are Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa.[1] A third species, Cannabis ruderalis is very short and produces only trace amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and thus is not commonly grown for industrial, recreational or medicinal use. Varieties[edit] Ruderalis Lowryder Indica Sativa Variety naming[edit] In legal markets, such as in Amsterdam, competition puts pressure on breeders to create increasingly attractive varieties to maintain market share. Black-market Cannabis dealers sometimes falsely advertise their products as being of a certain strain to capitalise on that strains success or reputation. Testing[edit] Between 1967 and 1971, professors at UC Berkeley conducted tests on infants ranging 1 to 2 years of age.[6] The tests were predominantly inconclusive, yet yielded some positive results. Breeding new varieties[edit] Strains[edit] Indica[8]
Lactucarium Lactucarium is the milky fluid secreted by several species of lettuce, especially Lactuca virosa, usually from the base of the stems. It is known as lettuce opium because of its sedative and analgesic properties. It has also been reported to promote a mild sensation of euphoria.[1][2] Because it is a latex, lactucarium physically resembles opium, in that it is excreted as a white fluid and can be reduced to a thick smokable solid. History[edit] "Lettuce opium" was used by the ancient Egyptians, and was introduced as a drug in the United States as early as 1799. The seeds of lettuce have also been used to relieve pain. Contemporary use[edit] Although lactucarium has faded from general use as a pain reliever, it remains available, sometimes promoted as a legal psychotropic. The seed of ordinary lettuce, Lactuca sativa, is still used in Avicenna's native Iran as a folk medicine. Chemical constituents[edit] Lactuca floridana was found to contain 11β,13-Dihydro-lactucin-8-O-acetate hemihydrate.[13]
Alcohol Ball-and-stick model of the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group in an alcohol molecule (R3COH). The three "R's" stand for carbon substituents or hydrogen atoms.[1] The hydroxyl (-OH) functional group with bond angle. An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Other alcohols are usually described with a clarifying adjective, as in isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol) or wood alcohol (methyl alcohol, or methanol). In everyday life "alcohol" without qualification usually refers to ethanol, or a beverage based on ethanol (as in the term "alcohol abuse"). Toxicity Ball-and-stick model of tert-Amyl alcohol, which is 20 times more intoxicating than ethanol and like all tertiary alcohols, cannot be metabolised to toxic aldehydes.[3][4][5] Alcoholic beverages have been consumed by humans since prehistoric times for a variety of hygienic, dietary, medicinal, religious, and recreational reasons. Treatment Nomenclature Systematic names Common names
Inhalant Chemical breathed in to cause intoxication Medical condition While a few inhalants are prescribed by medical professionals and used for medical purposes, as in the case of inhaled anesthetics and nitrous oxide (an anxiolytic and pain relief agent prescribed by dentists), this article focuses on inhalant use of household and industrial propellants, glues, fuels, and other products in a manner not intended by the manufacturer, to produce intoxication or other psychoactive effects. These products are used as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect. According to a 1995 report by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the most serious inhalant use occurs among homeless children and teenagers who "... live on the streets completely without family ties Even though many inhalants are legal, there have been legal actions taken in some jurisdictions to limit access by minors. Classification[edit] Inhalants can be classified by the intended function. Product category[edit] Solvents[edit] Notes
Sativa - Cannabis sativa Common uses[edit] A sack made from hemp fiber Its seeds are chiefly used to make hempseed oil which can be used for cooking, lamps, lacquers, or paints. Plant physiology[edit] The flowers of the female plant are arranged in racemes and can produce hundreds of seeds. A Cannabis plant in the vegetative growth phase of its life requires more than 12–13 hours of light per day to stay vegetative. In soil, the optimum pH for the plant is 6.3 to 6.8. Cultivars[edit] Broadly, there are three main Cultivar Groups of cannabis that are cultivated today: Cultivars primarily cultivated for their fiber, characterized by long stems and little branching.Cultivars grown for seed which can be eaten entirely raw or from which hemp oil is extracted.Cultivars grown for medicinal or recreational purposes. Pharmacology[edit] The flower of a hybrid Cannabis indica plant Cannabis sativa, scientific drawing from c1900 Chemical constituents[edit] Difference between C. indica and C. sativa[edit] References[edit]
Levorphanol Chemical compound Levorphanol (brand name Levo-Dromoran) is an opioid medication used to treat moderate to severe pain.[1][2][3] It is one of two enantiomers of the compound racemorphan. It was first described in Germany in 1946.[4] The drug has been in medical use in the United States since 1953.[5] Pharmacology[edit] Levorphanol acts predominantly as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), but is also an agonist of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR), κ-opioid receptor (KOR), and the nociceptin receptor (NOP), as well as an NMDA receptor antagonist and a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).[5] Levorphanol, similarly to certain other opioids, also acts as a glycine receptor antagonist and GABA receptor antagonist at very high concentrations.[6] Levorphanol is 6 to 8 times as potent as morphine at the MOR. Chemistry[edit] Levorphanol and its stereoisomer dextrorphan, the enantiomers of the racemic mixture racemorphan. Society and culture[edit] Name[edit] Availability[edit]
Heroin Heroin /ˈhɛroʊɪn/ (diacetylmorphine or morphine diacetate, also known as diamorphine (BAN, INN[4]) and commonly known by its street names of H, smack, boy, horse, brown, black, tar, and others[5] is an opioid analgesic originally synthesized by C.R. Alder Wright in 1874 by adding two acetyl groups to the molecule morphine, which is found naturally in the opium poppy. It is the 3,6-diacetyl ester of morphine. Administered intravenously by injection, heroin is two to four times more potent than morphine and is faster in its onset of action.[6] Illicit heroin is sometimes available in freebase form, dulling the sheen and consistency to a matte-white powder.[7] Because of its lower boiling point, the freebase form of heroin is also smokable. As with other opioids, diacetylmorphine is used as both a legal, medically prescribed drug (e.g., as an analgesic, cough suppressant and as an anti-diarrhea drug) and a recreational drug, in which case the user is seeking euphoria. Usage Medical use Oral
Lisdexamfetamine CNS stimulant (prodrug) Lisdexamfetamine, sold under the brand name Vyvanse among others, is a stimulant medication that is mainly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people over the age of five as well as moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder in adults.[11] Lisdexamfetamine is taken by mouth. Its effects generally begin within 2 hours and last for up to 14 hours.[11][12] In the United Kingdom, it is usually less preferred than methylphenidate for the treatment of children.[13] Lisdexamfetamine is an inactive prodrug that works after being converted by the body into dextroamphetamine, a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.[11][15] Chemically, lisdexamfetamine is composed of the amino acid L-lysine, attached to dextroamphetamine.[16] Uses[edit] Medical[edit] Part of this section is transcluded from amphetamine. Enhancing performance[edit] Cognitive performance[edit] Physical performance[edit] Available forms[edit] Contraindications[edit] Adverse effects[edit]