Ketobemidone Chemical compound Ketobemidone, sold under the brand name Ketogan among others, is a powerful synthetic opioid painkiller. Its effectiveness against pain is in the same range as morphine, and it also has some NMDA-antagonist properties imparted, in part, by its metabolite norketobemidone.[2] This may make it useful for some types of pain that do not respond well to other opioids.[2] It is marketed in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden and is used for severe pain.[3] History[edit] Ketobemidone was first synthesized in 1942 by Eisleb and colleagues,[4] at the laboratory of I.G. Farbenindustrie at Hoechst during the Second World War. Pharmacology[edit] Analgesia after 5-10 mg orally or 5-7.5 mg intravenously lasts 3–5 hours. [edit] Ketobemidone is mainly metabolized by conjugation of the phenolic hydroxyl group, and by N-demethylation. Chemistry[edit] Because of a strong vesicant nature of bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine there are many other routes developed for obtaining ketobemidone.
JWH-018 Chemical compound JWH-018 (1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) or AM-678[1] is an analgesic chemical from the naphthoylindole family that acts as a full agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, with some selectivity for CB2. It produces effects in animals similar to those of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a cannabinoid naturally present in cannabis, leading to its use in synthetic cannabis products that in some countries are sold legally as "incense blends".[2][3][4][5][6] As a full agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, this chemical compound is classified as an analgesic medication.[7] The analgesic effects of cannabinoid ligands, mediated by CB1 receptors are well established in treatment of neuropathic pain, as well as cancer pain and arthritis.[7] History[edit] John W. Pharmacology[edit] Pharmacokinetics[edit] Metabolism of JWH-018 was assessed using Wistar rats which had been administered an ethanolic extract containing JWH-018. Usage[edit] Legal status[edit]
Lactucarium Lactucarium is the milky fluid secreted by several species of lettuce, especially Lactuca virosa, usually from the base of the stems. It is known as lettuce opium because of its sedative and analgesic properties. It has also been reported to promote a mild sensation of euphoria.[1][2] Because it is a latex, lactucarium physically resembles opium, in that it is excreted as a white fluid and can be reduced to a thick smokable solid. History[edit] "Lettuce opium" was used by the ancient Egyptians, and was introduced as a drug in the United States as early as 1799. The seeds of lettuce have also been used to relieve pain. Contemporary use[edit] Although lactucarium has faded from general use as a pain reliever, it remains available, sometimes promoted as a legal psychotropic. The seed of ordinary lettuce, Lactuca sativa, is still used in Avicenna's native Iran as a folk medicine. Chemical constituents[edit] Lactuca floridana was found to contain 11β,13-Dihydro-lactucin-8-O-acetate hemihydrate.[13]
Inhalant Chemical breathed in to cause intoxication Medical condition While a few inhalants are prescribed by medical professionals and used for medical purposes, as in the case of inhaled anesthetics and nitrous oxide (an anxiolytic and pain relief agent prescribed by dentists), this article focuses on inhalant use of household and industrial propellants, glues, fuels, and other products in a manner not intended by the manufacturer, to produce intoxication or other psychoactive effects. These products are used as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect. According to a 1995 report by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the most serious inhalant use occurs among homeless children and teenagers who "... live on the streets completely without family ties Even though many inhalants are legal, there have been legal actions taken in some jurisdictions to limit access by minors. Classification[edit] Inhalants can be classified by the intended function. Product category[edit] Solvents[edit] Notes
Levorphanol Chemical compound Levorphanol (brand name Levo-Dromoran) is an opioid medication used to treat moderate to severe pain.[1][2][3] It is one of two enantiomers of the compound racemorphan. It was first described in Germany in 1946.[4] The drug has been in medical use in the United States since 1953.[5] Pharmacology[edit] Levorphanol acts predominantly as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), but is also an agonist of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR), κ-opioid receptor (KOR), and the nociceptin receptor (NOP), as well as an NMDA receptor antagonist and a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).[5] Levorphanol, similarly to certain other opioids, also acts as a glycine receptor antagonist and GABA receptor antagonist at very high concentrations.[6] Levorphanol is 6 to 8 times as potent as morphine at the MOR. Chemistry[edit] Levorphanol and its stereoisomer dextrorphan, the enantiomers of the racemic mixture racemorphan. Society and culture[edit] Name[edit] Availability[edit]
Lisdexamfetamine CNS stimulant (prodrug) Lisdexamfetamine, sold under the brand name Vyvanse among others, is a stimulant medication that is mainly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people over the age of five as well as moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder in adults.[11] Lisdexamfetamine is taken by mouth. Its effects generally begin within 2 hours and last for up to 14 hours.[11][12] In the United Kingdom, it is usually less preferred than methylphenidate for the treatment of children.[13] Lisdexamfetamine is an inactive prodrug that works after being converted by the body into dextroamphetamine, a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.[11][15] Chemically, lisdexamfetamine is composed of the amino acid L-lysine, attached to dextroamphetamine.[16] Uses[edit] Medical[edit] Part of this section is transcluded from amphetamine. Enhancing performance[edit] Cognitive performance[edit] Physical performance[edit] Available forms[edit] Contraindications[edit] Adverse effects[edit]
List of fentanyl analogues This is a list of fentanyl analogues (sometimes referred to as Fentalogs),[1][2][3] including both compounds developed by pharmaceutical companies for legitimate medical use, and those which have been sold as designer drugs and reported to national drug control agencies such as the DEA, or transnational agencies such as the EMCDDA and UNODC.[4][5][6][7][8][9] This is not a comprehensive listing of fentanyl analogues, as more than 1400 compounds from this family have been described in the scientific and patent literature,[10][11][12][13][14] but it includes all notable compounds that have reached late-stage human clinical trials, or which have been identified as having been sold as designer drugs, as well as representative examples of significant structural variations reported in the scientific and patent literature. Chemical structures of various fentanyl analogues[edit] Analogue controls[edit] (a) an acetyl, propionyl, butenoyl or butanoyl radical, attached to the aniline nitrogen atom:
MDMA MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) is an empathogenic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes of drugs. MDMA has become widely known as "ecstasy" (shortened to "E", "X", or "XTC"), usually referring to its street form, although this term may also include the presence of possible adulterants. The UK term "Mandy" and the US term "Molly" colloquially refer to MDMA that is relatively free of adulterants.[3] MDMA can induce euphoria, a sense of intimacy with others, diminished anxiety, and mild psychedelia. Regulatory authorities in several locations around the world have approved scientific studies administering MDMA to humans to examine its therapeutic potential and its effects.[9] Medical use[edit] In the year 2000, Doctor Jose Carlos Bouso performed the first clinical trial of MDMA for use in treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.[16] Since 2009, two randomized, controlled trials of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder were published.
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid Chemical compound Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (or γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid) is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug. It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas. It is commonly used in the form of a salt, such as sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate (NaGHB, sodium oxybate, or Xyrem) or potassium γ-hydroxybutyrate (KGHB, potassium oxybate). Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is a disease that causes GHB to accumulate in the blood. Medical use[edit] GHB is used for medical purposes in the treatment of narcolepsy[9] and, more rarely, alcoholism,[10][11] although there remains uncertainty about its efficacy relative to other pharmacotherapies for alcohol dependence.[12] It is sometimes used off-label for the treatment of fibromyalgia.[13][14] GHB is the active ingredient of the prescription medication sodium oxybate (Xyrem). Recreational use[edit] GHB is "colourless and odourless".[31] Party use[edit]
Methadone Opioid medication used for pain; also to treat dependency on opioids Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose among others, is a synthetic opioid agonist used for chronic pain and also for opioid dependence.[5] It is used to treat chronic pain, and it is also used to treat addiction to heroin or other opioids.[8][9] Prescribed for daily use, the medicine relieves cravings and removes withdrawal symptoms.[10] Detoxification using methadone can be accomplished in less than a month, or it may be done gradually over as long as six months.[5] While a single dose has a rapid effect, maximum effect can take up to five days of use.[5] The pain-relieving effects last about six hours after a single dose.[5][11] After long-term use, in people with normal liver function, effects last 8 to 36 hours.[5][7] Methadone is usually taken by mouth and rarely by injection into a muscle or vein.[5] Medical uses[edit] Opioid addiction[edit] Pain[edit] Adverse effects[edit] Physical symptoms
Hydromorphone Opioid drug used for pain relief Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others, is an opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain.[4] Typically, long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer.[6] It may be used by mouth or by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin.[4] Effects generally begin within half an hour and last for up to five hours.[4] Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, itchiness, and constipation.[4] Serious side effects may include abuse, low blood pressure, seizures, respiratory depression, and serotonin syndrome.[4] Rapidly decreasing the dose may result in opioid withdrawal.[4] Generally, use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended.[7] Hydromorphone is believed to work by activating opioid receptors, mainly in the brain and spinal cord.[4] Hydromorphone 2 mg IV is equivalent to approximately 10 mg morphine IV.[6] Medical use[edit] Side effects[edit] Withdrawal[edit]
Hydrocodone/paracetamol Combination pain relief drug Hydrocodone/paracetamol (also known as hydrocodone/acetaminophen) is the combination of the pain medications hydrocodone and paracetamol (acetaminophen).[1] It is used to treat moderate to severe pain.[1][3] It is taken by mouth.[1] Recreational use is common in the United States.[4][5] Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, constipation, and vomiting.[1][3] Serious side effects include addiction, decreased rate of breathing, low blood pressure, serotonin syndrome, severe allergic reactions, and liver failure.[1] Use during pregnancy may harm the fetus.[1] Use with alcohol is not recommended.[3] Hydrocodone works by binding to the mu-opioid receptor.[1] How paracetamol works is unclear but may involve blocking the creation of prostaglandins.[1][6] Uses[edit] Medical[edit] Hydrocodone/paracetamol is a fixed-dose combination consisting of the opioid hydrocodone and the non-opioid analgesic paracetamol. Recreational[edit] Side effects[edit] Overdose[edit]