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Internal Time: The Science of Chronotypes, Social Jet Lag, and Why You’re So Tired

Internal Time: The Science of Chronotypes, Social Jet Lag, and Why You’re So Tired
by Maria Popova Debunking the social stigma around late risers, or what Einstein has to do with teens’ risk for smoking. “Six hours’ sleep for a man, seven for a woman, and eight for a fool,” Napoleon famously prescribed. In fact, each of us possesses a different chronotype — an internal timing type best defined by your midpoint of sleep, or midsleep, which you can calculate by dividing your average sleep duration by two and adding the resulting number to your average bedtime on free days, meaning days when your sleep and waking times are not dictated by the demands of your work or school schedule. The distribution of midsleep in Central Europe. Roenneberg traces the evolutionary roots of different sleep cycles and argues that while earlier chronotypes might have had a social advantage in agrarian and industrial societies, today’s world of time-shift work and constant connectivity has invalidated such advantages but left behind the social stigma around later chronotypes. (Thanks, Jalees.)

Introverts -- Portrait of an Introvert People don’t outgrow introversion, so the introverted adult was once an introverted child. What is true of one is true of both. Contrary to popular opinion, introverts are not asocial, nor are they friendless loners who lack social skills. They simply have different social needs and preferences. Friendships Sebastian Pfuetze/Taxi/Getty Images It is not easy for introverts to make new friends because getting to know someone takes so much energy. Social Preferences Introverts need a lot of personal space. Preferred Activities Introverts enjoy activities they can do alone or with just a few others. Social Behavior Introverts tend to be quiet and subdued. Social Interaction While introverts may appear to lack social skills or be antisocial, neither is true. Verbal Expression If given a choice, introverts would rather express their ideas in writing than in speech. Emotions and Emotional Responses Introverts become emotionally drained after spending time with others, particularly strangers.

Lies das! – Bitly ermittelt die Bestzeiten für Posts auf Twitter und Facebook Zunächst einmal: Auf Facebook, Twitter und Co. sollte man nur dann etwas posten, wenn man auch was zu sagen hat. Viele reden dort nur, und man fragt sich zuweilen: Wer will das überhaupt wissen? Aber gut: andere Geschichte. Diese ist vor allem für jene spannend, die Social Media nutzen, um möglichst viel Gehör zu finden (und hoffentlich etwas Interessantes zu sagen haben). Je nach Netzwerk sind die Bestzeiten für Postings nämlich durchaus verschieden. Zur Erklärung: Die unteren Grafiken zeigen auf der X-Achse (von Links nach Rechts) die Uhrzeiten: ganz links 1 Uhr nachts, ganz rechts 24 Uhr. Nun zum Ergebnis im Detail: This Is What Happens When You Don't Get Enough Sleep (Infographic) You know what it feels like when you don't get enough sleep. You're grumpy, you're groggy, and you probably just don't really feel like yourself. But did you know that sleep deprivation can have serious long-term consequences on your body and mind? Fortunately, the folks over at the Huffington Post have put together an infographic that details what some of those effects may be. 8 Tips To Help You Live To Be 100 In my last article, I gave you the labs you should run to know how quickly or how slowly your body is aging.

How Long It Takes to Form a New Habit by Maria Popova Why magic numbers always require a grain of empirical salt. “We are what we repeatedly do,” Aristotle proclaimed. “Could the young but realize how soon they will become mere walking bundles of habits, they would give more heed to their conduct while in the plastic state,” William James wrote. When he became interested in how long it takes for us to form or change a habit, psychologist Jeremy Dean found himself bombarded with the same magic answer from popular psychology websites and advice columns: 21 days. In a study carried out at University College London, 96 participants were asked to choose an everyday behavior that they wanted to turn into a habit. This notion of acting without thinking — known in science as “automaticity” — turns out, perhaps unsurprisingly, to be a central driver of habits. The simple answer is that, on average, across the participants who provided enough data, it took 66 days until a habit was formed. Donating = Loving Share on Tumblr

Twitter lance une lettre d'information hebdomadaire Sleep and the Teenage Brain by Maria Popova How a seemingly simple change can have a profound effect on everything from academic performance to bullying. “Sleep is the greatest creative aphrodisiac,” Debbie Millman asserted in her advice on breaking through your creative block. “Sleep deprivation will profoundly affect your creativity, your productivity, and your decision-making,” Arianna Huffington cautioned graduating seniors in her Smith College commencement address on redefining success. And yet, as German chronobiologist Till Roenneberg argued in his fantastic Internal Time: Chronotypes, Social Jet Lag, and Why You’re So Tired — one of the best science books of 2012, and undoubtedly among the best you’ll ever read — teenagers have already endured years of institutionally inflicted sleep deprivation by the time they get to college: there is a tragic disconnect between teens’ circadian givens and our social expectations of them, encapsulated in what is known as the disco hypothesis. Donating = Loving

The Backfire Effect: The Psychology of Why We Have a Hard Time Changing Our Minds by Maria Popova How the disconnect between information and insight explains our dangerous self-righteousness. “Allow yourself the uncomfortable luxury of changing your mind,” I wrote in reflecting on the 7 most important things I learned in 7 years of Brain Pickings. It’s a conundrum most of us grapple with — on the one hand, the awareness that personal growth means transcending our smaller selves as we reach for a more dimensional, intelligent, and enlightened understanding of the world, and on the other hand, the excruciating growing pains of evolving or completely abandoning our former, more inferior beliefs as we integrate new knowledge and insight into our comprehension of how life works. That discomfort, in fact, can be so intolerable that we often go to great lengths to disguise or deny our changing beliefs by paying less attention to information that contradicts our present convictions and more to that which confirms them. So where does this leave us? Donating = Loving

App für Entscheider: FTD launcht kostenlose Anwendung Digital Das Gruner + Jahr Finanzmedium "Financial Times Deutschland" bringt einen "weiteren Baustein seiner Mobile-Strategie". Die FTD Executive Edition ist eine neue App, die "auf die Nutzerbedürfnisse von Entscheidern aus Wirtschaft und Politik mit geringem Zeitbudget zugeschnitten ist". Exklusiv ist die Anwendung nicht gerade, denn sie ist kostenlos für alle Smartphones mit den Betreibssystemen iOS und Android erhältlich. Man habe sich dazu entschieden die App kostenfrei anzubieten, um das Ziel zu erreichen "in 2012 die mobile Reichweite der Wirtschaftsmedien auszubauen", so Angela Broer, Gesamtleiterin Electronic Media G+J Wirtschaftsmedien. Die neue App bietet dabei in etwa die gleichen Themen wie die ebenfalls kostenlose App FTD Mobile an. FTD launcht App für Nutzer mit "geringem Zeitbudget" Artikel bewerten Vielen Dank, Ihre Bewertung wurde registriert! Sie können leider nur einmal pro Seite bewerten. Ihre Bewertung wurde geändert, vielen Dank!

How You Can Permanently Damage Your Brain If You Keep Putting Off Sleep June 24, 2014 | Like this article? Join our email list: Stay up to date with the latest headlines via email. Do without sleep now and make up for it later. New research suggests that the consequences of chronic insufficient sleep are less reversible than previously understood and may involve lasting damage to the brain. Scientists put mice on a rotating sleep routine, including periods of normal rest, short periods of wakefulness and also extended periods without sleep. • Short-term sleep loss in mice elicited a protective response from LC neurons. • Short-term sleep loss also spurred antioxidant activity in LC neurons, another protection against cell damage and stress. • Under periods of prolonged sleep loss, LC neurons lost the ability to generate these protective responses. • Under these conditions of extended and recurring sleep loss, LC neurons in mice began to die. Other recent research has also highlighted the damaging effects of insufficient and poor quality sleep on the brain:

8 Things Everybody Ought to Know About Concentrating “Music helps me concentrate,” Mike said to me glancing briefly over his shoulder. Mike was in his room writing a paper for his U.S. History class. Mike made a shift about every thirty seconds between all of the above. Do you know a person like this? The Science Behind Concentration In the above account, Mike’s obviously stuck in a routine that many of us may have found ourselves in, yet in the moment we feel it’s almost an impossible routine to get out of. When we constantly multitask to get things done, we’re not multitasking, we’re rapidly shifting our attention. Phase 1: Blood Rush Alert When Mike decides to start writing his History essay, blood rushes to his anterior prefrontal cortex. Phase 2: Find and Execute The alert carries an electrical charge that’s composed of two parts: first, a search query (which is needed to find the correct neurons for executing the task of writing), and second, a command (which tells the appropriate neuron what to do). Phase 3: Disengagement 1. 2. 3. 4.

Just-in-time Information through Mobile Connections By Lee Rainie and Susannah Fox Overview Some 70% of all cell phone owners and 86% of smartphone owners have used their phones in the previous 30 days to perform at least one of the following activities: Coordinate a meeting or get-together — 41% of cell phone owners have done this in the past 30 days. Solve an unexpected problem that they or someone else had encountered – 35% have used their phones to do this in the past 30 days. Overall, these “just-in-time” cell users—defined as anyone who has done one or more of the above activities using their phone in the preceding 30 days—amount to 62% of the entire adult population. Younger cell phone users are more likely than older users to have performed most of these activities. There are also differences between men and women, parents of minor children and non-parents, and among whites, African-Americans, and Hispanics on some of these activities.

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