CERN For the company with the ticker symbol CERN, see Cerner. For the rocket nozzle, see SERN. Coordinates: The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), known as CERN (/ˈsɜrn/; French pronunciation: [sɛʁn]; derived from "Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire"; see History) is a European research organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, the organization is based in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border, ( WikiMiniAtlas 46°14′3″N 6°3′19″E / 46.23417°N 6.05528°E / 46.23417; 6.05528) and has 21 European member states. The term CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory, which in 2013 counted 2,513 staff members, and hosted some 12,313 fellows, associates, apprentices as well as visiting scientists and engineers[4] representing 608 universities and research facilities and 113 nationalities. CERN is also the birthplace of the World Wide Web.
Interactive map: Nazi death camps Dachau, the first camp. Auschwitz, where more than 1 million Jews, Roma (Gypsies), Poles, Soviet prisoners of war and others were killed. But as horrific as they were, they were only three camp complexes in a system of more than 850 ghettos, concentration camps, forced-labor camps and extermination camps that the Nazis established during the 12 years Adolf Hitler was in power. By the end of World War II in 1945, the death camp system stretched from France and the Netherlands in the west to Estonia, Lithuania and Poland in the east. There were 20 main concentration camps, many of which had many subcamps, according to Geoffrey Megargee, the editor of the U.S. Many of them combined the most dehumanizing and degrading characteristics of prison and slave labor camps. There were also four main extermination camps -- Belzec, Chelmno, Sobibor and Treblinka -- devoted solely to killing everyone who passed through their gates.
Black Death Spread of the Black Death in Europe (1346–53) The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching the Crimea by 1343.[6] From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population.[7] In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century. The aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. Chronology Origins of the disease Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe at the trading city of Caffa in the Crimea in 1347. European outbreak Middle Eastern outbreak Symptoms Naming Causes
The Game of Norway Crown Prince Fredrik 6 takes control of Denmark-Norway via a coup. The great Norwegian merchant Bernt Anker calls him the "next Trajan" and see an enlightened and liberal monarch that can serve as the focal point for the kingdom. Danish Foreign Minister AP Bernstorff die, and Crown Prince Frederick put earnest their political will through all questions. The following year he accepts the request from a Dutch merchant that a Danish fleet convoys to protect merchant ships on their way from the Dutch East Indies to Copenhagen. More similar convoys approved the following year, and the commanders of these are ordered to offer resistance if foreign naval units attempting to examine the papers and cargo ships under the Danish flag. This is gambling, but the UK remains to propose diplomatic protests. Britain dominates the oceans, making it dangerous for the French merchant ships. In the December cold waters of Gibraltar it's getting hot. 14. oktober: Slaget om Jena. The battle of Copenhagen
Le dix-neuvième siècle Les Saucissons chauds Emile Zola: Notes d'un ami par Paul Alexis L'Assommoir: la visite du Louvre en hypertexte Voir aussi: 32nd Annual 19th Century French Studies Colloquium 19th Century French Studies Scholars Dix-Neuf ressources sur le dix-neuvième siècle (pages proposées par Tim Unwin de l'Université de Bristol), et le miroir à l'Université de Toronto: Dix-Neuf sites et ressources sur le dix-neuvième siècle. NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH STUDIES : Vue d'ensemble proposée par Charles Stivale. Slavery in the Francophone World Langue du XIXe siècle NCFS 1999, Pedagogical Roundtable : Choix de textes pour les études dix-neuviémistes. GALLICA : Site du dix-neuvième siècle proposé par la Bnf. Centre d'études du 19e siècle français J. Littérature Francophone Virtuelle: XIXe siècle (Swarthmore College) Le Musée d'Orsay : le musée des artistes du dix-neuvième siècle (à partir de 1848). Mythes du désir au XIXe siècle. La Page Saucissons d'Emile Zola (et liens pour le centenaire de "J'Accuse")
History - World Wars: Nazi Propaganda Triumph of Hitler: Nazis Boycott Jewish Shops Just a week after the Enabling Act made Hitler dictator of Germany, a national boycott of Jewish shops and department stores was organized by Nazis under the direction of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. The boycott was claimed to be in reaction to unflattering newspaper stories appearing in Britain and America concerning Hitler's new regime. The Nazis assumed most journalists were either Jewish or sympathetic to Jews and thus they labeled the bad publicity as "atrocity propaganda" spread by "international Jewry." The boycott began at 10 a.m. on Saturday, April 1st, 1933, and lasted only a day. Nazi Brownshirts, the SA storm troopers, stood at entrances to Jewish shops, department stores, professional offices and various places of business. They held poster signs saying: "Germans, defend yourselves against the Jewish atrocity propaganda, buy only at German shops!"
Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was born on 20th April, 1889, in the small Austrian town of Braunau near the German border. Both Hitler's parents had come from poor peasant families. His father Alois Hitler, the illegitimate son of a housemaid, was an intelligent and ambitious man and was at the time of Hitler's birth, a senior customs official in Lower Austria. Alois had been married before. Klara Polzl, Hitler's mother, left home at sixteen to to join the household of her second cousin, Alois Hitler. Franziska saw Klara as a potential rival and insisted that she left the household. The first of the children of Alois's third marriage, Gustav, was born in May 1885, to be followed in September the following year by a second child, Ida, and another son, Otto, who died only days after his birth. In 1895, when Hitler was six years old, his father, Alois Hitler retired from government service. Alois was an authoritarian, overbearing, domineering husband and a stern, distant, aggressive and violent father. Dr.
Poland Poland i/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi),[7] making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people,[7] Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world,[9] the sixth most populous member of the European Union, and the most populous post-communist member of the European Union. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions. Two decades later, in September 1939, World War II started with the invasions of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (as part of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact). Etymology History Prehistory Piast dynasty
Gazetteer of Sixteenth Century Florence FLORENTINE RENAISSANCE RESOURCES: Online Gazetteer of Sixteenth Century Florence home information object index index of streets, etc grid map full map Grid Map of Numbered Squares hide grid Brown University | STG Copyright: R.