Apollo and Dionysus — American Symphony Orchestra Apollo and Dionysus By Leon Botstein Written for the concert Apollo and Dionysus, performed on May 9, 2010 at Avery Fisher Hall at Lincoln Center. It is difficult to imagine a history of Western art that does not begin with the legacy of the classical world. Burckhardt was a bit like Virgil with his thesis that the Italian Renaissance was the result of a rediscovery of classical heritage. For both of these thinkers, the transition from the Dark Ages to the Renaissance represented a decline in the dominance of ignorance, superstition, and the irrational, and the revival of reason. As an age which put itself at the apex of historical progress, the nineteenth century—once it had established the Renaissance as the beginning of modernity and the Enlightenment as its adolescence, as it were—developed its own version of the meaning of its classical inheritance, of this look backwards on behalf of the present. Nietzsche thought so.
William Hazlitt English writer We ask you, humbly, to help. Hi reader in Canada, it seems you use Wikipedia a lot; that's great! Maybe later Thank you! Close William Hazlitt (10 April 1778 – 18 September 1830) was an English writer, drama and literary critic, painter, social commentator, and philosopher. During his lifetime he befriended many people who are now part of the 19th-century literary canon, including Charles and Mary Lamb, Stendhal, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, and John Keats.[8] Contents Life and works[edit] Background[edit] Childhood, education, young philosopher (1778–1797)[edit] Childhood[edit] House in Wem, Shropshire where the Reverend William Hazlitt and his family lived between 1787 and 1813 William, the youngest of the surviving Hazlitt children, was born in Mitre Lane, Maidstone, in 1778. Education[edit] Hazlitt was educated at home and at a local school. Changes were taking place within the young Hazlitt as well. The young philosopher[edit] The itinerant painter[edit] In "Mr.
“Apollonian” and “Dionysian” are terms used by Friedrich Nietzsche in The Birth of Tragedy to designate the two central principles in Greek culture Apollonian/Dionysian Dichotomy Apollo and Dionysus were gods in ancient Creek religion. More to the point, the were both gods in the Ancient Greek pantheon, despite representing nearly opposing values and orientations. Apollo was the god of light, reason, harmony, balance and prophesy, while Dionysus was the god of wine, revelry, ecstatic emotion and tragedy “Apollonian” and “Dionysian” are terms used by Friedrich Nietzsche in The Birth of Tragedy to designate the two central principles in Greek culture. The Apollonian: analytic distinctions All types of form or structure are Apollonian, thus, sculpture is the most Apollonian of the arts, since it relies entirely on form for its effect. The Dionysian: inability or unwillingness to make these distinctions; directly opposed to the Apollonian Drunkenness and madness are Dionysian All forms of enthusiasm and ecstasy are Dionysian. Dionysus was said to be the son of Zeus and the mortal Semele. Analysis Nevertheless.
Friedrich Nietzsche German philosopher (1844–1900) Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( NEE-chə, NEE-chee,[10] German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə] i or [ˈniːtsʃə];[11][12] 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer, whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy. He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. Life[edit] Youth (1844–1868)[edit] Born on 15 October 1844, Nietzsche[13] grew up in the town of Röcken (now part of Lützen), near Leipzig, in the Prussian Province of Saxony. Nietzsche attended a boys' school and then a private school, where he became friends with Gustav Krug and Wilhelm Pinder, all three of whom came from highly respected families. In 1854, he began to attend the Domgymnasium in Naumburg. While at Schulpforta, Nietzsche pursued subjects that were considered unbecoming. In 1865, Nietzsche thoroughly studied the works of Arthur Schopenhauer. Philosophy[edit] Works[edit]
Apollonian and Dionysian Terms representing a dialectic between rationality and emotion The Apollonian and the Dionysian are philosophical and literary concepts represented by a duality between the figures of Apollo and Dionysus from Greek mythology. Its popularization is widely attributed to the work The Birth of Tragedy by Friedrich Nietzsche, though the terms had already been in use prior to this,[1] such as in the writings of poet Friedrich Hölderlin, historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann, and others. The word Dionysian occurs as early as 1608 in Edward Topsell's zoological treatise The History of Serpents.[2] The concept has since been widely invoked and discussed within Western philosophy and literature. Nietzschean usage[edit] Apollonian and Dionysian juxtapositions appear in the interplay of tragedy: the tragic hero of the drama, the main protagonist, struggles to make (Apollonian) order of his unjust and chaotic (Dionysian) fate, though he dies unfulfilled. Later usages[edit] Continental philosophy[edit]
Albert O. Hirschman Albert Otto Hirschman[1] (born Otto-Albert Hirschmann; April 7, 1915 – December 10, 2012) was an influential economist and the author of several books on political economy and political ideology. His first major contribution was in the area of development economics.[2] Here he emphasized the need for unbalanced growth. Because developing countries are short of decision making skills, he argued that disequilibria should be encouraged to stimulate growth and help mobilize resources. Key to this was encouraging industries with a large number of linkages to other firms. His later work was in political economy and there he advanced two simple but intellectually powerful schemata. In World War II, he played a key role in rescuing refugees in occupied France. Life[edit] Soon thereafter, Hirschman volunteered to fight on behalf of the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War. Hirschman helped develop the hiding hand principle in his 1967 essay 'The principle of the hiding hand'. Books[edit] 1945.
Blaise Pascal French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Christian philosopher (1623–1662) Blaise Pascal ( pass-KAL, -KAHL, PASS-kəl, -kal, pahs-KAHL;[3][4][5][6][7] French: [blɛz paskal]; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer. Pascal was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline identified with the religious movement within Catholicism known by its detractors as Jansenism.[10] Following a religious experience in late 1654, he began writing influential works on philosophy and theology. Throughout his life, Pascal was in frail health, especially after the age of 18; he died just two months after his 39th birthday.[13] Life Early life and education In 1631, five years after the death of his wife,[2] Étienne Pascal moved with his children to Paris. Essay on Conics Particularly of interest to Pascal was a work of Desargues on conic sections. Pascaline
Jean-Jacques Rousseau Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer (1712–1778) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, [1][2] French: [ʒɑ̃ ʒak ʁuso]; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher (philosophe), writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought.[3] Biography[edit] Youth[edit] Rousseau was born in Geneva, which was at the time a city-state and a Protestant associate of the Swiss Confederacy (now a canton of Switzerland). Rousseau was proud that his family, of the moyen order (or middle-class), had voting rights in the city. Geneva, in theory, was governed "democratically" by its male voting "citizens". There was much political debate within Geneva, extending down to the tradespeople. Rousseau's father, Isaac Rousseau, followed his grandfather, father and brothers into the watchmaking business. Early adulthood[edit]
Goethe–Schiller Monument The original Goethe–Schiller Monument (German: Goethe-Schiller-Denkmal) is in Weimar, Germany. It incorporates Ernst Rietschel's 1857 bronze double statue of Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749–1832) and Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), who are probably the two most revered figures in German literature.[1][2] The monument has been described "as one of the most famous and most beloved monuments in all of Germany"[3] and as the beginning of a "cult of the monument".[4] Dozens of monuments to Goethe and to Schiller were built subsequently in Europe and the United States.[5] Goethe and Schiller had a remarkable friendship and collaboration that was "like no other known to literature or art The figures were mounted on a large stone pedestal in front of the Court Theater that Goethe had directed, and that had seen premieres and countless performances of Schiller's plays. The Weimar monument[edit] 1900 photograph of the Goethe–Schiller monument in front of the Court Theater in Weimar German-America[edit]
Stefan Zweig Stefan Zweig (/zwaɪɡ, swaɪɡ/;[1] German: [tsvaɪk]; 28 November 1881 – 22 February 1942) was an Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer. At the height of his literary career, in the 1920s and 1930s, he was one of the most popular writers in the world.[2] Biography[edit] Stefan Zweig (standing) in Vienna with his brother Alfred, circa 1900 Zweig was born in Vienna, the son of Moritz Zweig (1845–1926), a wealthy Jewish textile manufacturer, and Ida Brettauer (1854–1938), a daughter of a Jewish banking family.[3] He was related to the Czech writer Egon Hostovský, who described him as "a very distant relative";[4] some sources describe them as cousins. The Zweigs' house in Brazil was later turned into a cultural centre and is now known as Casa Stefan Zweig. Work[edit] Zweig's memoir,[24][25][26] The World of Yesterday, was completed in 1942 one day before he committed suicide. Surviving copy of Zweig's novel Amok (1922) burned by National Socialists Bibliography[edit] Fiction[edit]
Friedrich Schiller German poet, philosopher, historian and playwright (1759–1805) Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German: [ˈjoːhan ˈkʁɪstɔf ˈfʁiːdʁɪç fɔn ˈʃɪlɐ], short: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈʃɪlɐ] ; 10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805) was a German poet, playwright, historian, philosopher, and physician. Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. He was born in Marbach to a devoutly Protestant family. Initially intended for the priesthood, in 1773 he entered a military academy in Stuttgart and ended up studying medicine. His first play, The Robbers was written at this time and proved very successful. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if complicated, friendship with the already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short satirical poems in which both Schiller and Goethe challenge opponents of their philosophical vision. Early life and career[edit]
René Descartes Descartes laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, and opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Leibniz, Spinoza and Descartes were all well versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well. His best known philosophical statement is "Cogito ergo sum" (French: Je pense, donc je suis; I think, therefore I am), found in part IV of Discourse on the Method (1637 – written in French but with inclusion of "Cogito ergo sum") and §7 of part I of Principles of Philosophy (1644 – written in Latin). Early life[edit] Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine (now Descartes), Indre-et-Loire, France. When he was one year old, his mother Jeanne Brochard died. In his book, Discourse On The Method, he says "I entirely abandoned the study of letters. Visions[edit] Work[edit] Descartes lived on Westermarkt 6 (on the left)