The GNU Manifesto

GNU Project The GNU logo, by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project i/ɡnuː/[1] is a free software, mass collaboration project, announced on 27 September 1983, by Richard Stallman at MIT. Its aim is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices, by collaboratively developing and providing software that is based on the following freedom rights: users are free to run the software, share it (copy, distribute), study it and modify it. GNU software guarantees these freedom-rights legally (via its license), and is therefore free software; the use of the word "free" always being taken to refer to freedom. In order to ensure that the entire software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs), needed to be written. Origins[edit] GNU Manifesto[edit] Philosophy and activism[edit] Participation[edit] Free software[edit]

Richard Stallman : Manifeste GNU (The GNU Manifesto) (Hache/essais) Le Manifeste GNU a été écrit par Richard Stallman au commencement du projet GNU et faisait office d’appel à la participation. Dans les quelques années qui ont suivi sa rédaction, des petites mises à jour ont été effectuées afin de rendre compte de l’avancement du projet. Aujourd’hui, cependant, il semble préférable de le donner en l’état, tel que l’ont découvert la plupart de ses lecteurs. Depuis la publication initiale, nous nous sommes rendus compte que le texte ici ou là prêtait à des malentendus que des formulations différentes permettraient sans doute d’éviter. Des notes de bas de page ajoutées en 1993 aident à préciser le sens de ces passages. Pour connaître les logiciels GNU actuellement disponibles, consultez notre site web et notamment notre liste de logiciels. Qu’est-ce que GNU ? GNU permettra d’exécuter des logiciels Unix, sans pour autant être identique à Unix. Pourquoi je dois écrire GNU Pourquoi GNU sera compatible avec Unix Conditions sous lesquelles GNU sera offert

GNU Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. GNU est un système d'exploitation libre lancé en 1983 par Richard Stallman, puis maintenu par le projet GNU. Son nom est un acronyme récursif qui signifie en anglais « GNU’s Not UNIX » (littéralement, « GNU n’est pas UNIX »). Il reprend les concepts et le fonctionnement d’UNIX[1]. Le système GNU permet l’utilisation de tous les logiciels libres, pas seulement ceux réalisés dans le cadre du projet GNU. Historique[modifier | modifier le code] Le projet GNU initie alors en 1990 le projet de production d'un noyau nommé Hurd. Hurd ne dépassera jamais réellement le stade de curiosité de laboratoire de recherche, en revanche, le travail réalisé a permis de finaliser une variante du système GNU basée sur le noyau Linux[8]. L’esprit hacker et le projet GNU[modifier | modifier le code] Logo GNU. La philosophie du logiciel libre et la FSF[modifier | modifier le code] Stallman introduit alors la notion de copyleft, et formalise ainsi celle de logiciel libre.

What is a Hacker? Copyright © 2001 Eric S. Raymond As editor of the Jargon File and author of a few other well-known documents of similar nature, I often get email requests from enthusiastic network newbies asking (in effect) "how can I learn to be a wizardly hacker?". If you are reading a snapshot of this document offline, the current version lives at Note: there is a list of Frequently Asked Questions at the end of this document. Numerous translations of this document are available: ArabicBelorussianChinese (Simplified), Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, German, GreekItalianHebrew, Norwegian, PersianPortuguese (Brazilian), RomanianSpanish, Turkish, and Swedish. The five-dots-in-nine-squares diagram that decorates this document is called a glider. If you find this document valuable, please leave me a tip on Gittip. The hacker mind-set is not confined to this software-hacker culture. The basic difference is this: hackers build things, crackers break them. 1. 2.

Main Page Pourquoi GNU/Linux ? by Richard Stallman Names convey meanings; our choice of names determines the meaning of what we say. An inappropriate name gives people the wrong idea. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet—but if you call it a pen, people will be rather disappointed when they try to write with it. And if you call pens “roses”, people may not realize what they are good for. Does this really matter for our community? When I explain why it's appropriate to call the operating system GNU/Linux rather than Linux, people sometimes respond this way: Granted that the GNU Project deserves credit for this work, is it really worth a fuss when people don't give credit? This would be wise advice, if only the situation were like that—if the job were done and it were time to relax. It is possible to write good free software without thinking of GNU; much good work has been done in the name of Linux also. Meeting these challenges will require many different kinds of effort.

How To Become A Hacker Copyright © 2001 Eric S. Raymond As editor of the Jargon File and author of a few other well-known documents of similar nature, I often get email requests from enthusiastic network newbies asking (in effect) "how can I learn to be a wizardly hacker?". Back in 1996 I noticed that there didn't seem to be any other FAQs or web documents that addressed this vital question, so I started this one. A lot of hackers now consider it definitive, and I suppose that means it is. Still, I don't claim to be the exclusive authority on this topic; if you don't like what you read here, write your own. If you are reading a snapshot of this document offline, the current version lives at Note: there is a list of Frequently Asked Questions at the end of this document. The five-dots-in-nine-squares diagram that decorates this document is called a glider. If you find this document valuable, please leave me a tip on Gittip. If you want to be a hacker, keep reading.

Le système d'exploitation universel Linux et GNU by Richard Stallman Many computer users run a modified version of the GNU system every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called “Linux”, and many of its users are not aware that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the GNU Project. There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that you run. Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call “Linux”. Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU system. Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular program for a particular job. If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, what would we conclude? Notes: