International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Origin The IPA was first published in 1888 by the Association Phonétique Internationale (International Phonetic Association), a group of French language teachers founded by Paul Passy. The aim of the organisation was to devise a system for transcribing the sounds of speech which was independent of any particular language and applicable to all languages. A phonetic script for English created in 1847 by Isaac Pitman and Henry Ellis was used as a model for the IPA. Uses The IPA is used in dictionaries to indicate the pronunciation of words. Where symbols appear in pairs, the one on the right represents a voiced consonant, while the one on the left is unvoiced. Download an Excel spreadsheet containing the IPA How the sounds of English are represented by the IPA Recommended books about phonetics and phonology Links UCLA Phonetics Lab Data IPA, International Phonetic Association Free IPA fonts
Geoffrey Chaucer - World History Encyclopedia Geoffrey Chaucer (l. c. 1343-1400 CE) was a medieval English poet, writer, and philosopher best known for his work The Canterbury Tales, a masterpiece of world literature. The Canterbury Tales is a work of poetry featuring a group of pilgrims from different social classes on a journey to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket in Canterbury who agree to tell each other stories to pass the time. Chaucer was a prolific writer, creating many other fine works which have been overshadowed by The Canterbury Tales. The Book of the Duchess (c. 1370 CE) The House of Fame (c. 1378-1380 CE) Anelida and Arcite (c. 1380-1387 CE) The Parliament of Fowls (c. 1380-1382 CE) Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1382-1386 CE) The Legend of Good Women (c. 1380's CE) The Canterbury Tales (c. 1388-1400 CE) Early Life & Travels Geoffrey Chaucer was the son of John Chaucer, a wealthy vintner (winemaker and seller) and his wife Anne. Love History? Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Other Major Works The Canterbury Tales
English language, culture, history… | Review, improve your English or simply participate ! Gap year WHAT IS A GAP YEAR ? : Watch the video on You tube and listen to the definition of a gap year given by the director of admissions from a company called ‘Up with people’: What are the reasons why young people can profit from a gap year ? As there is a vast range of opportunities to take a gap year, tell us about you: - where would you like to go, and why ? Merveille La Pensée…un trésor, un don précieux de la nature humaine, qui demeure et résonne au sein de tout notre être.
"Born Eunuchs" Home Page and Library The willingness to engage in homosexual activity (particularly intergenerationally) was widespread among men in the ancient Mediterranean region. Women and boys were considered equally tempting sex objects for ordinary men. Therefore, homosexual activity could not have provided a means of distinguishing a minority of men as "gay" the way we do in the modern world. Natural and man-made eunuchs co-existed as distinct categories for at least a thousand years, from the first-reported mass castrations about 600 BCE until 400 CE, when the classification of "natural eunuchs" was essentially made obsolete, and only the artificial type were identified as eunuchs anymore. What was called sodomy in the Judeo-Christian tradition, namely the sexual penetration of "males," was criminalized in many ancient cultures. email: aquarius@well.com visitors since 3/1/99 © 1999 Faris Malik.
A Brief Chronology of Chaucer's Life and Times | Harvard's Geoffrey Chaucer Website 1300 Dante's Divine Comedy. 1300 Birth of Guillaume de Machaut, French musician and poet (died 1377). 1304 Birth of Francis Petrarch (died 1374). 1313 Birth of Giovanni Boccaccio (died 1375). 1321 Death of Dante Alighieri (born 1265). 1330 Birth of John Gower (died 1408). 1335 Boccaccio's Il Filostrato (source of Troilus). 1336-38 Boccaccio's Il Filocolo (possible source of The Franklin's Tale). 1337 Hundred Years War begins (ends 1453). 1339 Boccaccio begins Il Teseida delle Nozze d'Emilia (source of The Knight's Tale). 1340-45 Birth of Chaucer. 1346 Birth of Eustache Deschamps, French poet (died c. 1406). 1346 English victory at Crecy; see Jean Froissart on the Hundred Years War (1337-1453). 1348-50 The Black Death; see the chilling description of the Plague in Boccaccio's Decameron, the introduction to the First Day. 1349-51 Boccaccio's Decameron written. 1356 English victory at Poitiers; see Jean Froissart, on the Hundred Years War (1337-1453). 1359-60 Chaucer serves in the war in France.
Immigration and Ellis Island World War II and the Postwar Period The United States entered World War II in 1942. During the war, immigration decreased. There was fighting in Europe, transportation was interrupted, and the American consulates weren't open. Also because of the war, the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed in 1943. I believe that the admission of these persons will add to the strength and energy of the Nation." Learn More Gay History and Literature The General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales Organization: Alexa Crawls Starting in 1996, Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the Wayback Machine after an embargo period. this data is currently not publicly accessible. The Wayback Machine - The General Prologue The most popular part of the Canterbury Tales is the General Prologue, which has long been admired for the lively, individualized portraits it offers. It is the General Prologue that serves to establish firmly the framework for the entire story-collection: the pilgrimage that risks being turned into a tale-telling competition. Nothing indicates when Chaucer began to compose the General Prologue and there are no variations between manuscripts that might suggest that he revised it after making an initial version. From her, we pass to the most clearly idealized portrait in the Prologue, the Parson.
COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL - L’ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA LITTÉRATURE AVEC LE NUMÉRIQUE | LMM Les recherches dans le champ des humanités numériques invitent le domaine de l’éducation, en l’occurrence celui de la didactique de la littérature, à tenir compte de la mutation des corpus, des textualités et des genres numériques/numérisés ainsi que des pratiques d’enseignement-apprentissage soutenues par les supports et outils technologiques. Ainsi les savoirs en didactique de la littérature sont appelés à contribuer à ce que Doueihi appelle l’évolution de l’humanisme numérique (2011)[1] Le numérique, dans l'enseignement de la littérature, permet de développer de nouvelles configurations des textes, des supports didactiques et des productions inédites (Chartier, 2012 ; Davallon, Desperet-Lonnet, Jeanneret, Le Marec & Souchier, 2003). Ces réflexions dressent des constats, étudient de nouveaux objets, et mesurent les enjeux de la mutation qu'induit le numérique dans le champ de l'enseignement. Axe 1. Axe 2. Axe 3.
The Works of Chaucer By Period by William J. Long Works of Chaucer, First Period. The works of Geoffrey Chaucer are roughly divided into three classes, corresponding to the three periods of his life. It should be remembered, however, that it is impossible to fix exact dates for most of his works. The best known, though not the best, poem of the first period is the Romaunt of the Rose, a translation from the French Roman de la Rose, the most popular poem of the Middle Ages,--a graceful but exceedingly tiresome allegory of the whole course of love. Perhaps the best poem of this period is the "Dethe of Blanche the Duchesse," better known, as the "Boke of the Duchesse," a poem of considerable dramatic and emotional power, written after the death of Blanche, wife of Chaucer's patron, John of Gaunt. Second Period. The "Hous of Fame" is one of Chaucer's unfinished poems, having the rare combination of lofty thought and simple, homely language, showing the influence of the great Italian master. Third Period.
Geoffrey Chaucer Biography While historians have been able to reconstruct much about the life of Geoffrey Chaucer (CHAW-sur) from the 493 documents, mostly office records, that mention him, these documents cast light only on the public life of a prominent civil servant; not one refers to him as an author. That is not to say that he was not recognized or appreciated as a poet by his contemporaries: In Chaucer’s day, poetry was considered to be a leisure pastime of talented men, a valuable skill, but not in itself a career. Chaucer, too, probably thought of himself primarily in terms of his public duties rather than his poetry. The exact date and even year of Chaucer’s birth are unknown; the year 1340 has become traditionally accepted, but 1343 may be a more accurate guess. He was probably born in London, where his parents, John and Agnes, held property. Despite his middle-class origins, he was to have a distinguished public career as a courtier, soldier, diplomat, and civil servant.