TURKS :: Chronology The Turkic speaking Uighurs were one of many distinct cultural groups brought together by the trade of the Silk Route at Turfan in Chinese Central Asia. The Uighurs, primarily pastoral nomads, observed a number of religions including Manichaeism, Buddhism, and Nestorian Christianity. Many of the artefacts from this period were found in the 19 th century in this remote desert region of China. The Seljuks were another Central Asian nomadic group. They were the first Turkic dynasty to control Central Asia as far as the eastern Mediterranean. The Seljuks were Sunni Muslims . The last Seljuk sultan died in battle in 1194 when the Great Seljuks were defeated by the Mongols. These enigmatic paintings are by Muhammad Siyah Qalam – ‘Muhammad of the Black Pen’. Timur (1336-1405) is known in the west as Tamerlane. It was during Timur’s reign that the nomadic steppe culture of Central Asia fused with the settled culture of Iran. Contemporaries noted Timur’s preoccupation with history.
CHUKCHEE HOMEPAGE Table of contents Note: you are free to use the material on this website for academic research purposes or for teaching. However, you do NOT have permission to use this material for any commercial purpose whatsoever. This is a website for linguists interested in learning something about the grammatical structure of Chukchee and who either don't read Russian or have difficulty gaining access to Russian-language sources. The following chapters are an expanded version of notes I prepared when teaching Chukchee for one year on a one-year masters degree scheme at the (then) Polytechnic of Central London. Much of the information presented here, especially in the earlier chapters, is also to be found in Bogoras (1922). I must stress that I have never had an opportunity to do field work on Chukchee and I have had only the most limited experience with native speakers. It is necessary to make a few remarks about my primary grammatical source.
Ancient history Ancient history is the aggregate of past events[1] from the beginning of recorded human history to the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, with Sumerian Cuneiform script, the oldest discovered form of coherent writing, from the protoliterate period around the 30th century BC.[2] The term classical antiquity is often used to refer to history in the Old World from the beginning of recorded Greek history in 776 BC (First Olympiad). This roughly coincides with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC, the beginning of the history of ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Archaic period in Ancient Greece. In India, the period includes the early period of the Middle Kingdoms,[9][10][11] and, in China, the time up to the Qin Dynasty is included.[12][13] Study[edit] Historians have two major avenues which they take to better understand the ancient world: archaeology and the study of source texts. Archaeology[edit]
Maya mythology Maya mythology is part of Mesoamerican mythology and comprises all of the Maya tales in which personified forces of nature, deities, and the heroes interacting with these play the main roles. Other parts of Maya oral tradition (such as animal tales and many moralising stories) do not properly belong to the domain of mythology, but rather to legend and folk tale. Sources[edit] The oldest written myths date from the 16th century and are found in historical sources from the Guatemalan Highlands The most important of these documents is the Popol Vuh or 'Book of the Council'which contains Quichean creation stories and some of the adventures of the Hero Twins, Hunahpu and Xbalanque Yucatán is an equally important region. In the 19th and 20th centuries, anthropologists and local folklorists have committed many stories to paper. Main gods[edit] Important mythical themes[edit] Creation and end of the world[edit] Creation of mankind[edit] Actions of the heroes: Arranging the world[edit] Notes[edit]
2.7 - Chukchi Language: Chukchi show big map glottolog: Chukot lexvo: Bahasa Chukchi [id] Chukchi language [en] Chukot [en] Idioma chucoto [es] Język czukocki [pl] Lingua chukchi [it] Lingua čukči [lmo] Luoravetlansk [no] Língua chukoto [pt] Tchouktche [fr] Tjuktjisk språk [nn] Tschuktsche Spraak [nds] Tschuktschische Sprache [de] Tsjoektsjisch [nl] Txuktxi [ca] Tšuktšin kieli [fi] Ĉukĉa lingvo [eo] Čiokčiu kalba [lt] Čiukčių kalba [lt] Čukotščina [sl] Чукотский язык [ru] Чукотська мова [uk] Чукчи [bg] チュクチ語 [ja] 楚科奇语 [zh] 축치어 [ko] moseley & asher (1994): Chukchi multitree: Chuchee Chukcha Chukchee Chukoto Luoravetlan Sprache der Tschuktschen Tchouktche ruhlen (1987): wals: wals other: References
The Mayan Calendar - The World Will Not End Steep Uphill Climb to 2012: Messages from the Mayan Milieu ©- Copyright 2002 by Steven McFadden In early Autumn 2002, Carlos Barrios journeyed North from his home in Guatemala to the Eastern edge of the Four Corners. In Santa Fe, NM, at the tail of the Rocky Mountain spine, Mr. Barrios spoke in a knowledgeable manner about the Mayan tradition and the fabled Mayan calendars. Mayan Cholq'ij - an image of the Mayan Tzolkin calendar used on the Altiplano. The Relationship Between The Great Pyramid and the Book of the D The Relationship Between The Great Pyramid and The Book of the Dead It has been proposed that the Great Pyramid of Giza is the Egyptian “Book of the Dead” symbolized in stone. “The intimate connection between the secret doctrine of Egypt’s most venerated books, and the secret significance of her most venerable monument, seems impossible to separate, and each form illustrates and interpenetrates the other. Marsham Adams proposed that the unique system of passages and chambers (particularly the Grand Gallery, obviously unnecessary in a tomb) has an allegorical significance only explained by reference to the Egyptian “Book of the Dead”. “The Pyramids and the Book of the Dead reproduce the same original, the one in words, the other in stone.” Can we find meaning and answers to the mystery of the Great Pyramid by studying the Egyptian “Book of the Dead” and its relationship to the Great Pyramid? What is the Egyptian “Book of the Dead”? “This is a composition of exceedingly great mystery.
Famiglia linguistica Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. Nonostante spesso la protolingua non sia conosciuta, è possibile ricostruirla a partire dalle lingue appartenenti alla stessa unità filogenetica mediante il metodo comparativo, una procedura di ricostruzione sviluppata dai linguisti a partire dal XIX secolo che rende possibile dimostrare l'appartenenza a una determinata famiglia per molti dei raggruppamenti sotto elencati. Ad esempio, la protolingua delle famiglia indoeuropea, chiamata lingua protoindoeuropea, è interamente ricostruita usando questo metodo in quanto veniva parlata prima dell'invenzione della scrittura. Esistono casi in cui la protolingua di una famiglia è invece riconducibile a una lingua nota: esempi sono le lingue romanze e le lingue scandinave, originate rispettivamente dal latino volgare e dal norreno. Lingue naturali[modifica | modifica wikitesto] Principali famiglie (raggruppate geograficamente senza riguardo per le relazioni interfamiliari)[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Salem Witch Museum - Salem, Massachusetts In January of 1692, the daughter and niece of Reverend Samuel Parris of Salem Village became ill. When they failed to improve, the village doctor, William Griggs, was called in. His diagnosis of bewitchment put into motion the forces that would ultimately result in the death by hanging of nineteen men and women. To understand the events of the Salem witch trials, it is necessary to examine the times in which accusations of witchcraft occurred. In June of 1692, the special Court of Oyer (to hear) and Terminer (to decide) sat in Salem to hear the cases of witchcraft. As years passed, apologies were offered, and restitution was made to the victims' families. Education Department - faq@salemwitchmuseum.com
Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations globally to arise independently. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology)[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh.[2] The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. History Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period (c. 3150 BC to 30 BC) Predynastic period A typical Naqada II jar decorated with gazelles. In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Early Dynastic Period (c. 3050 –2686 BC)
Home Great Sphinx of Giza The Great Sphinx of Giza, 2008 It is the largest monolith statue in the world, standing 73.5 metres (241 ft) long, 19.3 metres (63 ft) wide, and 20.22 m (66.34 ft) high.[1] It is the oldest known monumental sculpture, and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafra (c. 2558–2532 BC).[1][2] Origin and identity The Great Sphinx partly under the sand, ca. 1870's. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues but basic facts about it, such as when it was built, and by whom, are still debated. The Great Sphinx partially excavated, ca. 1878. Names of the Sphinx The commonly used name Sphinx was given to it in classical antiquity, about 2000 years after the accepted date of its construction, by reference to a Greek mythological beast with a lion's body, a woman's head and the wings of an eagle (although, like most Egyptian sphinxes, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings). Builder and timeframe
Ancient Egyptian creation myths The sun rises over the circular mound of creation as goddesses pour out the primeval waters around it Ancient Egyptian creation myths are the ancient Egyptian accounts of the creation of the world. The Pyramid Texts, tomb wall decorations and writings, dating back to the Old Kingdom (2780 – 2250 B.C.E) have given us most of our information regarding early Egyptian creation myths.[1] These myths also form the earliest religious compilations in the world.[2] The ancient Egyptians had many creator gods and associated legends. Common elements[edit] The sun was also closely associated with creation, and it was said to have first risen from the mound, as the general sun-god Ra or as the god Khepri, who represented the newly-risen sun.[6] There were many versions of the sun's emergence, and it was said to have emerged directly from the mound or from a lotus flower that grew from the mound, in the form of a heron, falcon, scarab beetle, or human child[6][7] Cosmogonies[edit] Hermopolis[edit]
Ireland's History in Maps - Celtic Ireland Ice Ages and the Arrival of Humans --- Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages Maps: BC . 100 . 150 . 200 . 300 . 400 . 500 . 600 . 700 . 800 . 900 . 1000 . 1100 . 1200 . 1300 . 1400 . 1500 . 1600 . 1700 . 1800 . 1845 Reference: Before there were Counties --- Old Irish Kingdoms and Clans --- Old Irish Surnames The Myths of Time: After examining some of the ancient record for Ireland we turn to the early Irish chronicles. The earliest written pre-history of Ireland is passed down in the form of saga stories, legal tracts, annalistic records, and fragmentary accounts which were recorded centuries after they actually may have occurred. Prior to the arrival of sons of King Milesius the mythological tribes in Ireland were said to include the the Fomorians (Fomhóire), the Partholonians, the Nemedians, the Fir Bolgs and the Tuatha de Danann. From the author D. Cruithin - perhaps the 8th to 5th century B.C.