Confrontation analysis Confrontation analysis (also known as dilemma analysis) is an operational analysis technique used to structure, understand and think through multi-party interactions such as negotiations. It is the underpinning mathematical basis of drama theory. It is derived from game theory but considers that instead of resolving the game, the players often redefine the game when interacting. Derivation and use[edit] Much of the theoretical background to General Rupert Smith's book The Utility of Force drew its inspiration from the theory of confrontation analysis. I am in debt to Professor Nigel Howard, whose explanation of Confrontation Analysis and Game Theory at a seminar in 1998 excited my interest. Confrontation analysis can also be used in a decision workshop as structure to support role-playing[3] for training, analysis and decision rehearsal. Method[edit] An interaction as a sequence of confrontations where the card table[5] changes as the parties struggle to eliminate their dilemmas[1]
Cooperation Among humans[edit] Language allows humans to cooperate on a very large scale. Certain studies have suggested that fairness affects human cooperation; individuals are willing to punish at their own cost (altruistic punishment) if they believe that they are being treated unfairly.[2][3] Sanfey, et al. conducted an experiment where 19 individuals were scanned using MRI while playing an Ultimatum Game in the role of the responder.[3] They received offers from other human partners and from a computer partner. It has been observed that image scoring[clarification needed] promotes cooperative behavior in situations where direct reciprocity is unlikely.[4] In situations where reputation and status are involved, humans tend to cooperate more. Among other animals[edit] Cooperation exists in non-human animals. Some researchers assert that cooperation is more complex than this. Kin selection[edit] Cooperative systems[edit] The components in a cell work together to keep it living. See also[edit]
Glossary of game theory Definitions of a game[edit] Notational conventions[edit] Real numbers The set of players Strategy space , where Player i's strategy space is the space of all possible ways in which player i can play the game. A strategy for player i is an element of Complements an element of , is a tuple of strategies for all players other than i. Outcome space is in most textbooks identical to - Payoffs , describing how much gain (money, pleasure, etc.) the players are allocated by the end of the game. Normal form game[edit] A game in normal form is a function: Given the tuple of strategies chosen by the players, one is given an allocation of payments (given as real numbers). A further generalization can be achieved by splitting the game into a composition of two functions: the outcome function of the game (some authors call this function "the game form"), and: the allocation of payoffs (or preferences) to players, for each outcome of the game. Extensive form game[edit] Cooperative game[edit] , whose value Simple game[edit] .
Competition Win-Lose Competition in sports. A selection of images showing some of the sporting events that are classed as athletics competitions. Consequences[edit] Competition can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Many evolutionary biologists view inter-species and intra-species competition as the driving force of adaptation, and ultimately of evolution. However, some biologists, most famously Richard Dawkins, prefer to think of evolution in terms of competition between single genes, which have the welfare of the organism 'in mind' only insofar as that welfare furthers their own selfish drives for replication. Biology and ecology[edit] Economics and business[edit] Experts have also questioned the constructiveness of competition in profitability. Three levels of economic competition have been classified: In addition, companies also compete for financing on the capital markets (equity or debt) in order to generate the necessary cash for their operations. Interstate[edit] Law[edit] Politics[edit]
Conciliation Conciliation is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process whereby the parties to a dispute use a conciliator, who meets with the parties separately in an attempt to resolve their differences. They do this by lowering tensions, improving communications, interpreting issues, providing technical assistance, exploring potential solutions and bringing about a negotiated settlement. Conciliation differs from arbitration in that the conciliation process, in and of itself, has no legal standing, and the conciliator usually has no authority to seek evidence or call witnesses, usually writes no decision, and makes no award. Conciliation differs from mediation in that the main goal is to conciliate, most of the time by seeking concessions. In conciliation the parties seldom, if ever, actually face each other across the table in the presence of the conciliator. Effectiveness[edit] Historical conciliation[edit] Historical conciliation is not an excavation of objective facts. Japan[edit]
Avoidance Lose-Lose From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Avoidance may refer to: Game theory Game theory is the study of strategic decision making. Specifically, it is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers."[1] An alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is interactive decision theory.[2] Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science, and biology. Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. This theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Representation of games[edit] Most cooperative games are presented in the characteristic function form, while the extensive and the normal forms are used to define noncooperative games. Extensive form[edit] The game pictured consists of two players. The extensive form can also capture simultaneous-move games and games with imperfect information. Lists
Conflict Resolution Skills: Turning Conflicts into Opportunities Understanding conflict in relationships Conflict arises from differences, both large and small. It occurs whenever people disagree over their values, motivations, perceptions, ideas, or desires. Sometimes these differences appear trivial, but when a conflict triggers strong feelings, a deep personal need is often at the core of the problem. Conflicts arise from differing needs Everyone needs to feel understood, nurtured, and supported, but the ways in which these needs are met vary widely. Think about the conflicting need for safety and continuity versus the need to explore and take risks. The needs of both parties play important roles in the long-term success of most relationships, and each deserves respect and consideration. Conflict 101 A conflict is more than just a disagreement. Conflict may feel more threatening to you than it really is Do you fear conflict or avoid it at all costs? If you view conflict as dangerous, it tends to become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Close Learn more »
Game Theory Game theory is a tool that can help explain and address social problems. Since games often reflect or share characteristics with real situations -- especially competitive or cooperative situations -- they can suggest strategies for dealing with such circumstances. Just as we may be able to understand the strategy of players in a particular game, we may also be able to predict how people, political factions, or states will behave in a given situation. Just as people generally try to win games, people also try to "win" or achieve their interests or goals in competitive situations. What is Game Theory? Game theory provides analytical tools for examining strategic interactions among two or more participants. Games used to simulate real-life situations typically include five elements: These games assume that each player will pursue the strategies that help him or her to achieve the most profitable outcome in every situation. Why is Game Theory Useful? The U.S. [1] Thomas C.
Win-Win / Win-Lose / Lose-Lose Situations The Basics Win-win, win-lose, and lose-lose are game theory terms that refer to the possible outcomes of a game or dispute involving two sides, and more importantly, how each side perceives their outcome relative to their standing before the game. For example, a "win" results when the outcome of a negotiation is better than expected, a "loss" when the outcome is worse than expected. Win-win outcomes occur when each side of a dispute feels they have won. Win-lose situations result when only one side perceives the outcome as positive. Lose-lose means that all parties end up being worse off. In other situations, though, lose-lose outcomes occur when win-win outcomes might have been possible. This situation occurs fairly often, as win-win outcomes can only be identified through cooperative (or integrative) bargaining, and are likely to be overlooked if negotiations take a competitive distributive) stance. Use the following to cite this article: Spangler, Brad.
Conflict Resolution - Effective Conflict Resolution Techniques With most conflicts, it’s important to find a resolution. This seems like a statement of the obvious, but many people suppress their anger or just ‘go along to get along.' They think that by addressing a conflict, they are creating one, and simply keep quiet when upset. Unfortunately, this isn’t a healthy long-term strategy. For one thing, unresolved conflict can lead to resentment and additional unresolved conflict in the relationship. Even more important, ongoing conflict can actually have a negative impact on your health and longevity. Unfortunately, resolving conflict can be tricky as well. continue reading below our video Loaded: 0% Progress: 0% For example, researcher John Gottman and his colleagues studied the way couples fight, and can actually predict which couples will go on to divorce by observing their conflict resolution skills -- or lack thereof. Get In Touch With Your Feelings It may seem you’re your feelings should already be obvious to you, but this isn’t always the case.
Conflict Resolution - Resolving conflict rationally and effectively - Leadership training from MindTools Conflict is an inevitable part of work. We've all seen situations where people with different goals and needs have clashed, and we've all witnessed the often intense personal animosity that can result. As you'll learn in this article and video, the fact that conflict exists, however, is not necessarily a bad thing. When you resolve it effectively, you can also eliminate many of the hidden problems that it brought to the surface. Click here to view a transcript of this video. There are other benefits that you might not expect, such as: Increased understanding. But conflict can also be damaging. If you want to keep your team members working effectively, despite coming into conflict with one another, you need to stop this downward spiral as soon as you can. The Interest-Based Relational Approach When conflict arises, it's easy for people to get entrenched in their positions and for tempers to flare, voices to rise, and body language to become defensive or aggressive. Get the Free Newsletter!
Metacognition Metacognition is defined as "cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing". It comes from the root word "meta", meaning beyond.[1] It can take many forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving.[1] There are generally two components of metacognition: knowledge about cognition, and regulation of cognition.[2] Metamemory, defined as knowing about memory and mnemonic strategies, is an especially important form of metacognition.[3] Differences in metacognitive processing across cultures have not been widely studied, but could provide better outcomes in cross-cultural learning between teachers and students.[4] Some evolutionary psychologists hypothesize that metacognition is used as a survival tool, which would make metacognition the same across cultures.[4] Writings on metacognition can be traced back at least as far as De Anima and the Parva Naturalia of the Greek philosopher Aristotle.[5] Definitions[edit] [edit]
Conflict resolution Methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution The term conflict resolution may also be used interchangeably with dispute resolution, where arbitration and litigation processes are critically involved. The concept of conflict resolution can be thought to encompass the use of nonviolent resistance measures by conflicted parties in an attempt to promote effective resolution.[6] Theories and models[edit] There are a plethora of different theories and models linked to the concept of conflict resolution. A few of them are described below. Conflict resolution curve[edit] There are many examples of conflict resolution in history, and there has been a debate about the ways to conflict resolution: whether it should be forced or peaceful. Conflict resolution curve (CRC) separates conflict styles into two separate domains: domain of competing entities and domain of accommodating entities. Dual concern model[edit] Avoidance conflict style Definition[edit]