Dennis Ritchie
Personal life[edit] Career[edit] In 1967, Ritchie began working at the Bell Labs Computing Sciences Research Center, and in 1968, he received a PhD from Harvard under the supervision of Patrick C. Fischer, his doctoral dissertation being "Program Structure and Computational Complexity".[6] The C language is widely used today in application, operating system, and embedded system development, and its influence is seen in most modern programming languages. Unix has also been influential, establishing concepts and principles that are now precepts of computing. Views on computing[edit] In an interview from 1999, Dennis Ritchie clarifies that he sees Linux and BSD operating systems as a continuation of the basis of the Unix operating system, and as derivatives of Unix:[8] I think the Linux phenomenon is quite delightful, because it draws so strongly on the basis that Unix provided. Awards[edit] Death and legacy[edit] Other testimonials to his influence followed.[25][26][27][28] Notable books[edit]
Metaprogramming
Metaprogramming usually works in one of three ways[citation needed]. The first way is to expose the internals of the run-time engine to the programming code through application programming interfaces (APIs). The second approach is dynamic execution of expressions that contain programming commands, often composed from strings, but can also be from other methods using arguments and/or context.[1] Thus, "programs can write programs." Although both approaches can be used in the same language, most languages tend to lean toward one or the other. The third way is to step outside the language entirely. Approaches[edit] In statically typed functional languages[edit] Usage of dependent types allows proving that generated code is never invalid.[2] [edit] [edit] Macro systems[edit] IBM/360 assembler[edit] Examples[edit] #! This script (or program) generates a new 993-line program that prints out the numbers 1–992. One style of metaprogramming is to employ domain-specific programming languages (DSLs).
Douglas McIlroy
His seminal work on software componentization,[1] makes him a pioneer of component-based software engineering and software product line engineering. McIlroy (left) with former colleague Dennis Ritchie at the Japan Prize Foundation in May 2011. Dr. McIlroy earned his Bachelor's degree in engineering physics from Cornell University in 1954, and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics from MIT in 1959 for his thesis On the Solution of the Differential Equations of Conical Shells. He taught at MIT from 1954 to 1958. McIlroy joined Bell Laboratories in 1958, from 1965-1986 was head of its Computing Techniques Research Department (the birthplace of the Unix operating system), and thereafter was Distinguished Member of Technical Staff. He was a visiting lecturer at Oxford University from 1967 to 1968. McIlroy retired from Bell Labs in 1997, and serves as an Adjunct Professor in the Dartmouth College Computer Science Department. Quotes[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]
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Go (programming language)
"Google Go" redirects here. For the computer program by Google to play the board game Go, see AlphaGo. Two major implementations exist: With this type definition, ipv4addr(x) interprets the uint32 value x as an IP address. Simply assigning x to a variable of type ipv4addr is a type error. // ZeroBroadcast reports whether addr is 255.255.255.255.func (addr ipv4addr) ZeroBroadcast() bool { return addr == 0xFFFFFFFF} An interface specifies a set of types by listing required methods and their types, and is satisfied by any type that has the required methods. Go critics assert that: The Go authors put substantial effort into molding the style and design of Go programs: Go includes the same sort of debugging, testing, and code-vetting tools as many language distributions. It also includes profiling and debugging support, runtime instrumentation (to, for example, track garbage collection pauses), and a race condition tester. Here is a Hello world program in Go:
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Endgame tablebase
A typical interface for querying a tablebase An endgame tablebase is a computerized database that contains precalculated exhaustive analysis of a chess endgame position. It is typically used by a computer chess engine during play, or by a human or computer that is retrospectively analysing a game that has already been played. The solutions have profoundly advanced the chess community's understanding of endgame theory. Some positions which humans had analyzed as draws were proven to be winnable; the tablebase analysis could find a mate in more than five hundred moves, far beyond the horizon of humans, and beyond the capability of a computer during play. Tablebases have enhanced competitive play and facilitated the composition of endgame studies. While endgame tablebases for other board games like checkers,[3] chess variants[4] or Nine Men's Morris[5] exist, when a game is not specified, it is assumed to be chess. Background[edit] More recent contributors have included the following people:
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Unix
Unix (all-caps UNIX for the trademark) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, developed in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.[3] Many clones of Unix have arisen over the years, of which Linux is the most popular, having overtaken the popularity of "true" Unix on server platforms since its inception in the early 1990s. Overview Originally, Unix was meant to be a programmer's workbench to be used for developing software to be run on multiple platforms[8] more than to be used to run application software. History The history of Unix dates back to the mid-1960s when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AT&T Bell Labs, and General Electric were developing an experimental time sharing operating system called Multics for the GE-645 mainframe.[13] Multics introduced many innovations, but had many problems. Standards Components
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Ken Thompson
American computer scientist, creator of the Unix operating system Early life and education[edit] Thompson was born in New Orleans. When asked how he learned to program, Thompson stated, "I was always fascinated with logic and even in grade school I'd work on arithmetic problems in binary, stuff like that. Thompson received a Bachelor of Science in 1965 and a Master's degree in 1966, both in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, from the University of California, Berkeley, where his master's thesis advisor was Elwyn Berlekamp.[4] Career and research[edit] 1970s[edit] Thompson (sitting) and Ritchie working together at a PDP-11 Throughout the 1970s, Thompson and Ritchie collaborated on the Unix operating system; they were so influential on Research Unix that Doug McIlroy later wrote, "The names of Ritchie and Thompson may safely be assumed to be attached to almost everything not otherwise attributed I did the first of two or three versions of UNIX all alone. 1980s[edit] 1990s[edit] Sources
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