Rotation Movement of an object around an axis The special case of a rotation with an internal axis passing through the body's own center of mass is known as a spin (or autorotation).[1] In that case, the surface intersection of the internal spin axis can be called a pole; for example, Earth's rotation defines the geographical poles. A rotation around a completely external axis is called a revolution (or orbit), e.g. Either type of rotation is involved in a corresponding type of angular velocity (spin angular velocity and orbital angular velocity) and angular momentum (spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum). Mathematics[edit] All rigid body movements are rotations, translations, or combinations of the two. A rotation is simply a progressive radial orientation to a common point. Rotations around the x, y and z axes are called principal rotations. Fixed axis vs. fixed point[edit] Axis of 2-dimensional rotations[edit] A standard eigenvalue determination leads to the characteristic equation .
Yantra Mystical diagram in the Tantric traditions of the Indian religions Sri Yantra by Harish Johari using traditional colors Unalome Om (อุณาโลม) is the sacred Yantra used widely in Southeast Asian Buddhism Yantra (Sanskrit: यन्त्र) (literally "machine, contraption"[1]) is a mystical diagram, mainly from the Tantric traditions of the Indian religions. Yantras are used for the worship of deities in temples or at home; as an aid in meditation; used for the benefits given by their supposed occult powers based on Hindu astrology and tantric texts. Representations of the yantra in India have been considered to date back to 11,000–10,000 years BCE.[2] The Baghor stone, found in an upper-paleolithic context in the Son River valley, is considered the earliest example[3] by G.R. Mantras, the Sanskrit syllables inscribed on yantras, are essentially "thought forms" representing divinities or cosmic powers, which exert their influence by means of sound-vibrations.[6] Etymology[edit] Usage and meaning[edit]
Nerve plexus A nerve plexus is a plexus (branching network) of intersecting nerves. A nerve plexus is composed of afferent and efferent fibers that arise from the merging of the anterior rami of spinal nerves and blood vessels. There are five spinal nerve plexuses, except in the thoracic region, as well as other forms of autonomic plexuses, many of which are a part of the enteric nervous system. The nerves that arise from the plexuses have both sensory and motor functions. Spinal plexuses[edit] The following table shows the nerves that arise from each spinal plexus as well as the spinal level each plexus arises from. Cervical plexus[edit] The Cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami of the upper four cervical nerves and the upper part of fifth cervical ventral ramus. Brachial plexus[edit] Anatomical illustration of the Brachial plexus with areas of roots, trunks, divisions and cords marked. Lumbar plexus[edit] Sacral plexus[edit] Coccygeal plexus[edit] Autonomic plexuses[edit] Sources[edit]
Divyavadana Contents[edit] The anthology contains 38 avadana stories in all, including the well-known Aśokāvadāna "Legend of Aśoka", which was translated into English by John Strong (Princeton, 1983). The collection has been known since the dawn of Buddhist studies in the West, when it was excerpted in Eugène Burnouf's history of Indian Buddhism (1844). The first Western edition of the Sanskrit text was published in 1886 by Edward Byles Cowell and R.A. Sahasodgata-avadāna, in the opening paragraphs, describe the Buddha's instructions for creating the bhavacakra (wheel of life).[6] Rudrāyaṇa-avadāna explains how the Buddha gave the first illustration of the Bhavacakra to King Rudrayaṇa. List of Stories[edit] This is the list of stories contained in the Divyāvadāna: Selected English translations[edit] Original Sanskrit[edit] References[edit] ^ "Fables in the Vinaya-Pitaka of the Sarvastivadin School" by Jean Przyluski, in The Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol.V, No.1, 1929.03^ Winternitz, Moriz (1993).
Sanskrit Sanskrit (/ˈsænskrɪt/; संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam [səmskr̩t̪əm], originally संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, "refined speech") is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and a scholarly literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in the Indian cultural zone. It is a standardized dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and ultimately to Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India[3] and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand.[4] Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies. The corpus of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and dharma texts. Name The Sanskrit verbal adjective sáṃskṛta- may be translated as "put together, constructed, well or completely formed; refined, adorned, highly elaborated".
Pratītyasamutpāda Pratītyasamutpāda (Sanskrit: प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद; Pali: पटिच्चसमुप्पाद paṭiccasamuppāda) is commonly translated as dependent origination or dependent arising. The term is used in the Buddhist teachings in two senses: On a general level, it refers to one of the central concepts in the Buddhist tradition—that all things arise in dependence upon multiple causes and conditions.On a specific level, the term is also used to refer to a specific application of this general principle—namely the twelve links of dependent origination. Etymology[edit] Pratityasamutpada (Sanskrit: प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद) consists of two terms: pratitya: "having depended"samutpada: "arising", "rise, production, origin"[web 1] The term has been translated into English variously as dependent origination, dependent arising,[citation needed] interdependent co-arising,[citation needed] conditioned arising,[citation needed] and conditioned genesis. The Dalai Lama explains: In Sanskrit the word for dependent-arising is pratityasamutpada.
Saṃsāra Cyclicality of all life, matter, existence Bhavachakra in Buddhism describing saṃsāra Saṃsāra (Devanagari: संसार) is a Pali/Sanskrit word that means "world". It is also the concept of rebirth and "cyclicality of all life, matter, existence", a fundamental belief of most Indian religions.[3][4] Popularly, it is the cycle of death and rebirth.[5] Saṃsāra is sometimes referred to with terms or phrases such as transmigration, karmic cycle, reincarnation or Punarjanman, and "cycle of aimless drifting, wandering or mundane existence".[6] Etymology and terminology[edit] Saṃsāra (Devanagari: संसार) means "wandering", as well as "world" wherein the term connotes "cyclic change". saṃsāra, a fundamental concept in all Indian religions, is linked to the karma theory and refers to the belief that all living beings cyclically go through births and rebirths. The word saṃsāra is related to Saṃsṛti, the latter referring to the "course of mundane existence, transmigration, flow, circuit or stream".[19]
Buddhism Indian religion or philosophy based on the Buddha's teachings Buddhism ( BUU-dih-zəm, BOOD-), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (transl. "doctrines and disciplines"), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha.[3] It originated in present-day North India as a śramaṇa–movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia via the Silk Road. It is the world's fourth-largest religion,[4] with over 520 million followers (Buddhists) who comprise seven percent of the global population.[7] Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravāda (lit. 'School of the Elders') and Mahāyāna (lit. Etymology Buddhism is an Indian religion[22] or philosophy. Followers of Buddhism, called Buddhists in English, referred to themselves as Sakyan-s or Sakyabhiksu in ancient India.[25][26] Buddhist scholar Donald S. The Buddha Worldview Four Noble Truths – dukkha and its ending The cycle of rebirth
Bhava The Sanskrit word "bhava" (भव) means "being, worldly existence, becoming, birth, be, production, origin,"[1] but also "habitual or emotional tendencies."[2] In Buddhism, bhava is the tenth of the twelve links of Pratītyasamutpāda.[3] It is the link between the defilements, and repeated birth, that is, reincarnation.[4] In Thai Buddhism, bhava is also interpreted as habitual or emotional tendencies which leads to the arising of the sense of self, as a mental phenomenon. In Buddhism[edit] In Buddhism, bhava (not bhāva) means "being, worldly existence, becoming, birth, be, production, origin"[1] "experience,"[4] in the sense of rebirths and redeaths, because a being is so conditioned and propelled by the karmic accumulations;[4] but also "habitual or emotional tendencies In the Jātakas, in which the Buddha didactically reminds various followers of experiences they shared with him in a past life, the hearers are said not to remember them due to bhava, i.e. to having been reborn.[7]
Bhavacakra A symbolic representation of cyclic existence Etymology[edit] Bhāvachakra, "wheel of life,"[a] consists of the words bhāva and cakra. bhāva (भाव) means "being, worldly existence, becoming, birth, being, production, origin".[web 1] The Sanskrit word bhāva (भाव) is rooted in the term bhava, and means "emotion, sentiment, state of body or mind, disposition." The word Chakra (चक्र) derives from the Sanskrit word meaning "wheel," as well as "circle" and "cycle".[4] The word chakra is used to mean several different things in the Sanskrit sources:[5] "Circle," used in a variety of senses, symbolising endless rotation of shakti.A circle of people. Legend has it that the historical Buddha himself created the first depiction of the bhavacakra, and the story of how he gave the illustration to King Rudrāyaṇa appears in the anthology of Buddhist narratives called the Divyāvadāna. Explanation of the diagram[edit] Elements of the bhavachakra[edit] The bhavachakra consists of the following elements: Footnotes