World War II World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world. Chronology The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939,[9][10] beginning with the German invasion of Poland; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. Others follow the British historian A. Background
Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War (Russian: Гражданская война́ в Росси́и Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiy) (November 1917 – October 1922)[1] was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire fought between the Bolshevik Red Army and the White Army, the loosely allied anti-Bolshevik forces. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces and the pro-German armies.[4] The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in the Crimea and were evacuated in the autumn of 1920. Background[edit] February Revolution[edit] After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established during the February Revolution of 1917. Creation of the Red Army[edit] Anti-Bolshevik movement[edit] Geography and chronology[edit] Bolshevik control, February 1918 Bolshevik control, Summer of 1918 Warfare[edit]
Causes of World War I Germany, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Britain attempting to keep the lid on the simmering cauldron of imperialist and nationalist tensions in the Balkans to prevent a general European war. They were successful in 1912 and 1913, but did not succeed in 1914. The crisis came after a long and difficult series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers (Italy, France, Germany, Britain, Austria-Hungary and Russia) over European and colonial issues in the decade before 1914 that had left tensions high. In turn these diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1867.[2] The more immediate cause for the war was tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the Great Powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. Background "Moltke described to me his opinion of our military situation. Domestic political factors
Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Meeting of the Allied Powers after World War I The Paris Peace Conference, also known as the Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting in 1919 and 1920 of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. The conference involved diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities, and its major decisions were the creation of the League of Nations, as well as the five peace treaties with the defeated states; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "mandates", chiefly to Britain and France; the imposition of reparations upon Germany; and the drawing of new national boundaries (sometimes with plebiscites) to better reflect ethnic boundaries. Although it is often referred to as the "Versailles Conference", only the signing of the first treaty took place at the historic palace, and the negotiations occurred at the Quai d'Orsay in Paris. Overview and direct results[edit] Mandates[edit] British approach[edit]
Système éducatif des États-Unis Le système éducatif aux États-Unis est décentralisé, la plupart des décisions sur le fonctionnement des écoles, les programmes et sur le financement étant prises par des instances locales : les school boards. Les programmes scolaires (curricula) sont en général établis par chaque État des États-Unis. Le gouvernement fédéral, via le département de l'Éducation des États-Unis, intervient surtout dans le financement de l’éducation. Les écoles privées élaborent leur programme librement et, dans le système public, seulement 22 États sur 50 établissent une liste de manuels recommandés. Dans la majorité des États, la liberté de choix est totale. Les cours sont dispensés en anglais dans les 50 États, en espagnol dans le territoire non incorporé de Porto Rico. Les États-Unis sont l'un des pays avec le plus grand taux d'investissement dans l'éducation. Historique[modifier | modifier le code] Entre 1890 et 1920 sont menées plusieurs réformes qualifiées de « progressistes ». Liste des fondations
Rationing Di Natale ration stamps printed, but not used, as a result of the 1973 oil crisis Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services. Rationing controls the size of the ration, one's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. In economics[edit] In economics, rationing is an artificial restriction of demand. Romanian ration card, 1989 A reason for setting the price lower than would clear the market may be that there is a shortage, which would drive the market price very high. Rationing using ration stamps is only one kind of non-price rationing. Authorities which introduce rationing often have to deal with the rationed goods being sold illegally on the black market. Health care rationing[edit] Shortages of organs for donation forced the rationing of hearts, livers, lungs and kidneys in the United States. Credit rationing[edit] Military rationing[edit] Civilian rationing[edit] United States[edit] Poland[edit]
Civil war A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same state or republic,[1] or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly united state.[2] The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.[1] The term is a calque of the Latin bellum civile which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC. Civil wars since the end of World War II have lasted on average just over four years, a dramatic rise from the one-and-a-half year average of the 1900-1944 period. While the rate of emergence of new civil wars has been relatively steady since the mid-19th century, the increasing length of those wars resulted in increasing numbers of wars ongoing at any one time. Formal classification (4) (a) That the insurgents have an organization purporting to have the characteristics of a State. Causes of civil war in the Collier–Hoeffler Model Grievance
Origins and history The Constitution of the ILO was drafted in early 1919 by the Labour Commission, chaired by Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labour (AFL) in the United States. It was composed of representatives from nine countries: Belgium, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Japan, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Members of the Commission on International Labour Legislation to the Paris Peace Conference. Samuel Gompers in the first row, third from the left. The process resulted in a tripartite organization, the only one of its kind, bringing together representatives of governments, employers and workers in its executive bodies. The driving forces for the ILO's creation arose from security, humanitarian, political and economic considerations. Reflecting these ideas, the Preamble of the ILO Constitution states: Early years The ILO moved to Geneva in the summer of 1920, with France's Albert Thomas as its first Director. ILO staff at the port in Portugal. Going global
John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes,[1] CB, FBA (/ˈkeɪnz/ KAYNZ; 5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, and informed the economic policies of governments. He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern macroeconomics and the most influential economist of the 20th century.[2][3][4][5] His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoots. In 1999, Time magazine included Keynes in their list of the 100 most important and influential people of the 20th century, commenting that: "His radical idea that governments should spend money they don't have may have saved capitalism Early life and education[edit] King's College, Cambridge. John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, to an upper-middle-class family. Career[edit]
Système éducatif britannique Le système éducatif au Royaume-Uni se caractérise par des différences notables entre les différents pays du Royaume-Uni (Angleterre, Pays de Galles, Écosse, Irlande du Nord) et le fait que le système est semi-privatisé. Enseignement primaire et secondaire[modifier | modifier le code] Le cursus se déroule généralement ainsi : Le sondage réalisé par le programme PISA en 2006 situe le système éducatif britannique nettement au-dessus de la moyenne OCDE[1]. Le système éducatif britannique est assez proche des systèmes gallois et écossais. L'instruction, à l'école (primary school) ou par un autre moyen (par exemple éducation à la maison) est réglementée à partir de l’âge de 5 ans. Les deuxième et sixième années comportent chacune un examen, respectivement Key Stage 1 et Key Stage 2. Après l'école primaire, on a le choix entre deux types d'établissement : grammar school (lycée) et comprehensive state (lycée général). Le système scolaire britannique est aussi similaire au système français.
Oxford spelling Oxford spelling (or Oxford English Dictionary spelling) is the spelling used by Oxford University Press (OUP), including in its Oxford English Dictionary (OED), and other publishers who are "etymology conscious", according to Merriam-Webster.[1] Oxford spelling is best known for its preference for the suffix ‑ize rather than -ise. Apart from OUP, British dictionary publishers that use it include Cassell, Collins, and Longman.[2] In digital documents it may be indicated by the language tag en-GB-oed. Defining features[edit] Oxford spelling can be recognized by its use of the suffix ‑ize instead of -ise: organization, privatize and recognizable instead of organisation, privatise and recognisable. The spelling affects about 200 verbs, and is favoured on etymological grounds, in that -ize corresponds more closely to the Greek root, -izo, of most -ize verbs.[3] The suffix -ize has been in use in the UK since the 15th century,[4] and is the spelling variation used in American English.
Korean War The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953)[29][a][31] was a war between the Republic of Korea (South Korea), supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), at one time supported by China and the Soviet Union. It was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.[32] The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division between the two sides; the North established a communist government, while the South established a right-wing government. Names
7 Novels Written About World War I by Dictionary.com Slideshow 7 Novels Written About World War I To commemorate the centennial of the Great War, we’re looking back at the novels written about and influenced by World War I. John Dos Passos’s 1921 Three Soldiers is known for its bold realist depiction of war. Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, published in 1930, is the second book in a trilogy by British author Siegfried Sassoon. Like John Dos Passos, Ernest Hemingway was a volunteer ambulance driver during the Great War. This 1929 book is an autobiography by Robert Graves, a British officer on the Western Front, who was gravely wounded in 1916. Dalton Trumbo’s dark 1939 novel Johnny Got His Gun chronicles a war veteran with injuries so extreme that he cannot communicate with the outside world. Published in 1929, Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front detailed the atrocities of trench warfare and has become the most emblematic novel of the war.
HM Treasury Ministerial department of the UK Government His Majesty's Treasury (HM Treasury), occasionally referred to as the Exchequer, or more informally the Treasury[3], is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for developing and executing the government's public finance policy and economic policy.[4] The Treasury maintains the Online System for Central Accounting and Reporting, the replacement for the Combined Online Information System, which itemises departmental spending under thousands of category headings,[5] and from which the Whole of Government Accounts annual financial statements are produced. The origins of the Treasury of England have been traced by some to an individual known as Henry the Treasurer, a servant to King William the Conqueror.[6] This claim is based on an entry in the Domesday Book showing the individual Henry "the treasurer" as a landowner in Winchester, where the royal treasure was stored.[7] Chancellor of the Exchequer [edit]