World War II World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world. Chronology The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939,[9][10] beginning with the German invasion of Poland; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. Others follow the British historian A. Background
Causes of World War I Germany, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Britain attempting to keep the lid on the simmering cauldron of imperialist and nationalist tensions in the Balkans to prevent a general European war. They were successful in 1912 and 1913, but did not succeed in 1914. The crisis came after a long and difficult series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers (Italy, France, Germany, Britain, Austria-Hungary and Russia) over European and colonial issues in the decade before 1914 that had left tensions high. In turn these diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1867.[2] The more immediate cause for the war was tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the Great Powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. Background "Moltke described to me his opinion of our military situation. Domestic political factors
Système éducatif des États-Unis Le système éducatif aux États-Unis est décentralisé, la plupart des décisions sur le fonctionnement des écoles, les programmes et sur le financement étant prises par des instances locales : les school boards. Les programmes scolaires (curricula) sont en général établis par chaque État des États-Unis. Le gouvernement fédéral, via le département de l'Éducation des États-Unis, intervient surtout dans le financement de l’éducation. Les écoles privées élaborent leur programme librement et, dans le système public, seulement 22 États sur 50 établissent une liste de manuels recommandés. Dans la majorité des États, la liberté de choix est totale. Les cours sont dispensés en anglais dans les 50 États, en espagnol dans le territoire non incorporé de Porto Rico. Les États-Unis sont l'un des pays avec le plus grand taux d'investissement dans l'éducation. Historique[modifier | modifier le code] Entre 1890 et 1920 sont menées plusieurs réformes qualifiées de « progressistes ». Liste des fondations
Rationing Di Natale ration stamps printed, but not used, as a result of the 1973 oil crisis Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services. Rationing controls the size of the ration, one's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. In economics[edit] In economics, rationing is an artificial restriction of demand. Romanian ration card, 1989 A reason for setting the price lower than would clear the market may be that there is a shortage, which would drive the market price very high. Rationing using ration stamps is only one kind of non-price rationing. Authorities which introduce rationing often have to deal with the rationed goods being sold illegally on the black market. Health care rationing[edit] Shortages of organs for donation forced the rationing of hearts, livers, lungs and kidneys in the United States. Credit rationing[edit] Military rationing[edit] Civilian rationing[edit] United States[edit] Poland[edit]
Origins and history The Constitution of the ILO was drafted in early 1919 by the Labour Commission, chaired by Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labour (AFL) in the United States. It was composed of representatives from nine countries: Belgium, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Japan, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Members of the Commission on International Labour Legislation to the Paris Peace Conference. Samuel Gompers in the first row, third from the left. The process resulted in a tripartite organization, the only one of its kind, bringing together representatives of governments, employers and workers in its executive bodies. The driving forces for the ILO's creation arose from security, humanitarian, political and economic considerations. Reflecting these ideas, the Preamble of the ILO Constitution states: Early years The ILO moved to Geneva in the summer of 1920, with France's Albert Thomas as its first Director. ILO staff at the port in Portugal. Going global
Système éducatif britannique Le système éducatif au Royaume-Uni se caractérise par des différences notables entre les différents pays du Royaume-Uni (Angleterre, Pays de Galles, Écosse, Irlande du Nord) et le fait que le système est semi-privatisé. Enseignement primaire et secondaire[modifier | modifier le code] Le cursus se déroule généralement ainsi : Le sondage réalisé par le programme PISA en 2006 situe le système éducatif britannique nettement au-dessus de la moyenne OCDE[1]. Le système éducatif britannique est assez proche des systèmes gallois et écossais. L'instruction, à l'école (primary school) ou par un autre moyen (par exemple éducation à la maison) est réglementée à partir de l’âge de 5 ans. Les deuxième et sixième années comportent chacune un examen, respectivement Key Stage 1 et Key Stage 2. Après l'école primaire, on a le choix entre deux types d'établissement : grammar school (lycée) et comprehensive state (lycée général). Le système scolaire britannique est aussi similaire au système français.
Oxford spelling Oxford spelling (or Oxford English Dictionary spelling) is the spelling used by Oxford University Press (OUP), including in its Oxford English Dictionary (OED), and other publishers who are "etymology conscious", according to Merriam-Webster.[1] Oxford spelling is best known for its preference for the suffix ‑ize rather than -ise. Apart from OUP, British dictionary publishers that use it include Cassell, Collins, and Longman.[2] In digital documents it may be indicated by the language tag en-GB-oed. Defining features[edit] Oxford spelling can be recognized by its use of the suffix ‑ize instead of -ise: organization, privatize and recognizable instead of organisation, privatise and recognisable. The spelling affects about 200 verbs, and is favoured on etymological grounds, in that -ize corresponds more closely to the Greek root, -izo, of most -ize verbs.[3] The suffix -ize has been in use in the UK since the 15th century,[4] and is the spelling variation used in American English.
7 Novels Written About World War I by Dictionary.com Slideshow 7 Novels Written About World War I To commemorate the centennial of the Great War, we’re looking back at the novels written about and influenced by World War I. John Dos Passos’s 1921 Three Soldiers is known for its bold realist depiction of war. Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, published in 1930, is the second book in a trilogy by British author Siegfried Sassoon. Like John Dos Passos, Ernest Hemingway was a volunteer ambulance driver during the Great War. This 1929 book is an autobiography by Robert Graves, a British officer on the Western Front, who was gravely wounded in 1916. Dalton Trumbo’s dark 1939 novel Johnny Got His Gun chronicles a war veteran with injuries so extreme that he cannot communicate with the outside world. Published in 1929, Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front detailed the atrocities of trench warfare and has become the most emblematic novel of the war.
Butler Act Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Le Butler Act était une loi du Tennessee promulguée en 1925 interdisant aux professeurs de l'enseignement public de nier l'origine de l'Homme telle qu'elle est écrite dans la Bible. Par extension, la loi interdisait d'enseigner l'histoire évolutive de la lignée humaine bien qu'elle n'interdisait pas l'enseignement de la théorie de l'évolution tant qu'elle n'était appliquée qu'aux autres animaux et aux plantes. Elle doit son nom à John Washington Butler, à l'initiative de cette loi. La loi est restée en vigueur jusqu'en 1967.
Hart's Rules Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford was an authoritative reference book and style guide published in England by Oxford University Press (OUP). Hart's Rules originated as a compilation of rules and standards by Horace Hart over almost three decades during his employment at other printing establishments, but they were first printed as a single broadsheet page for in-house use by the OUP in 1893 while Hart was Controller of the University Press. They were originally intended as a concise style-guide for the staff of the OUP, but they developed continuously over the years, were published in 1904, and soon gained wider use as a source for authoritative instructions on typesetting style, grammar, punctuation, and usage. Publishing history[edit] After their first appearance, Hart's rules were reissued in a second edition in 1894, and two further editions in 1895. See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]
Wall Street Crash of 1929 Major American stock market crash The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash, was a major American stock market crash that occurred in the autumn of 1929. It started in September and ended late in October, when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed. It was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its aftereffects.[1] The Great Crash is mostly associated with October 24, 1929, called Black Thursday, the day of the largest sell-off of shares in U.S. history,[2][3] and October 29, 1929, called Black Tuesday, when investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day.[4] The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchange's crash of September, signaled the beginning of the Great Depression. Background[edit] The "Roaring Twenties", the decade following World War I that led to the crash,[5] was a time of wealth and excess.
Latin declension Latin is an inflected language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined (i.e. their endings alter to show grammatical case). A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. For simple declension paradigms, visit the Wiktionary appendices: First declension, Second declension, Third declension, Fourth declension, Fifth declension. Grammatical cases[edit] A complete Latin noun declension consists of up to seven grammatical cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative and locative. They are often abbreviated to the first three letters. The sequence NOM-VOC-ACC-GEN-DAT-ABL has been the usual order taught in Britain and many Commonwealth countries since the publication of Hall Kennedy's Latin Primer (1866). Meanings and functions of the various cases[edit] Syncretism[edit] Gender-specific[edit] Case-specific[edit] Nouns[edit] Masculine:
Blue Force Tracking Blue Force Tracking is a United States military term for a GPS-enabled system that provides military commanders and forces with location information about friendly (and despite its name, also hostile) military forces. In NATO military symbology, blue typically denotes friendly forces. The system provides a common picture of the location of friendly forces and therefore is referred to as the "Blue Force" tracker. Systems[edit] Blue Force Tracking systems consist of a computer, used to display location information, a satellite terminal and satellite antenna, used to transmit location and other military data, a Global Positioning System receiver (to determine its own position), command-and-control software (to send and receive orders, and many other battlefield support functions), and mapping software, usually in the form of a geographic information system (GIS), that plots the BFT device on a map. Additional capability in some BFT devices is found in route planning tools. Adoption[edit]
Oxford English Dictionary The first electronic version of the dictionary was made available in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of August 2010 was receiving two million hits per month from paying subscribers. The third edition of the dictionary will probably only appear in electronic form. The chief executive of Oxford University Press, Nigel Portwood, feels it unlikely that it will ever be printed.[5] Entries and relative size[edit] According to the publishers, it would take a single person 120 years to "key in" text to convert it to machine readable form which consists of a total of 59 million words of the OED second edition, 60 years to proofread it, and 540 megabytes to store it electronically.[6] As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries. Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the world's largest nor the earliest exhaustive dictionary of a language. It continues: History[edit] Origins[edit] Early editors[edit]