Spinozism Spinozism (also spelled Spinoza-ism or Spinozaism) is the monist philosophical system of Baruch Spinoza which defines "God" as a singular self-subsistent substance, with both matter and thought being attributes of such. History[edit] French philosopher Martial Guéroult suggested the term "Panentheism", rather than "Pantheism" to describe Spinoza’s view of the relation between God and the world. Pantheism controversy[edit] In 1785, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi published a condemnation of Spinoza's pantheism, after Lessing was thought to have confessed on his deathbed to being a "Spinozist", which was the equivalent in his time of being called a heretic. The attraction of Spinoza's philosophy to late eighteenth-century Europeans was that it provided an alternative to materialism, atheism, and deism. the unity of all that exists;the regularity of all that happens; andthe identity of spirit and nature. Comparison to Eastern philosophies[edit] Core doctrine[edit] Substance[edit] Attributes[edit]
Environmental Ethics 1. Introduction: The Challenge of Environmental Ethics Suppose putting out natural fires, culling feral animals or destroying some individual members of overpopulated indigenous species is necessary for the protection of the integrity of a certain ecosystem. Will these actions be morally permissible or even required? Is it morally acceptable for farmers in non-industrial countries to practise slash and burn techniques to clear areas for agriculture? Consider a mining company which has performed open pit mining in some previously unspoiled area. In the literature on environmental ethics the distinction between instrumental value and intrinsic value (in the sense of “non-instrumental value”) has been of considerable importance. When environmental ethics emerged as a new sub-discipline of philosophy in the early 1970s, it did so by posing a challenge to traditional anthropocentrism. 2. The new field emerged almost simultaneously in three countries—the United States, Australia, and Norway.
Arne Næss Arne Næss kampanjar för det norska gröna partiet Miljøpartiet 2003. Arne Dekke Eide Næss, född 27 januari 1912 i Oslo[1], död 12 januari 2009, var en norsk filosof och grundare av ekosofin, även kallad djupekologin. Enligt Næss har allt liv på jorden rätt till självutveckling och självförverkligande. Næss har varit motståndsman, miljöaktivist och bergsklättrare. 1950 och 1964 ledde Næss klätterexpeditioner till Tirich Mir i Pakistan. Han använde gärna uttrycket possibilism. 1936 försvarade Arne Næss sin doktorsavhandling Erkenntnis und wissenschaftliches Verhalten. Næss språkfilosofiska huvudverk är Tolkning og presisering (1953) vars tolknings- och preciseringslära i den populariserade utgåvan En del elementære logiske emner (på svenska 1981 med titeln Empirisk semantik) i åratal var obligatoriskt kursmaterial för studenter vid de förberedande kurserna till examen philosophicum vid norska universitet. Naess avled den 12 januari 2009. Empirisk semantik, Esselte studium, Uppsala 1981.
Deep ecology Deep ecology is a contemporary ecological and environmental philosophy characterized by its advocacy of the inherent worth of living beings regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs, and advocacy for a radical restructuring of modern human societies in accordance with such ideas. Deep ecology argues that the natural world is a subtle balance of complex inter-relationships in which the existence of organisms is dependent on the existence of others within ecosystems.[1] Human interference with or destruction of the natural world poses a threat therefore not only to humans but to all organisms constituting the natural order. Deep ecology's core principle is the belief that the living environment as a whole should be respected and regarded as having certain inalienable legal rights to live and flourish, independent of their utilitarian instrumental benefits for human use. Principles[edit] These principles can be refined down into three simple propositions: Development[edit]
Welcome Kaosforskning Kaosforskning (engelska Chaos Theory) är den vetenskap där kaotiska egenskaper hos system studeras. Kaosforskning kallas även Kaologi (engelska Chaology). Kaosforskningen sträcker sig över flera ämnesområden till exempel matematik, fysik, ekonomi, meteorologi och ekologi. Exempel på deterministiskt system: Om ett system beskriv av den rekursiva ekvationen så kan vi bestämma exakt förutsatt att vi känner till värdet på där . så blir nästa värde , värdet därpå blir 6 och så vidare. Andra aspekter av kaos som studeras är självorganisation och mönsterbildning, hur system som startar i enkla eller slumpmässiga tillstånd producerar regelbundna eller komplexa beteenden. Icke-linjäritet[redigera | redigera wikitext] En förutsättning för att ett system ska kunna bete sig kaotiskt är att det inte är linjärt.[2] Ett exempel på ett linjärt system är ett föremål fäst vid en fjäder som svänger fram och tillbaka kring ett jämviktsläge med en så kallad enkel harmonisk svängning. Brus, komplexitet eller kaos?
Bonobo videos, photos and facts - Pan paniscus Bonobos are highly intelligent, social animals. They live in stable communities that may have up to 150 members, although these will usually split into smaller groups in order to forage or travel (2). Swellings on the rump advertise a female's receptivity to mating; there is no specific breeding season (5). Bonobos spend virtually all of their time in the trees, foraging for fruit and sleeping in nests constructed in the branches; on the ground they travel by 'knuckle walking' (2). Bonobo Bonobo (Pan paniscus), även kallad dvärgschimpans, är tillsammans med den vanliga schimpansen de människoapor som genetiskt är närmast besläktade med människan. Beskrivning[redigera | redigera wikitext] Bonobon lever i Cuvette Centrale-regionen i Kongo-Kinshasa, en region som avgränsas av floderna Kasai och Sankuru i söder, Lomami i öster samt Kongofloden i norr och väst. I området finns de enda bonoboerna i världen. Bonobon upptäckes inte förrän 1929. Bonobon lever i grupper. Fortplantning och sexualitet[redigera | redigera wikitext] Bonobounge Hos bonoboerna föder honorna en unge ungefär vart femte år. Bonoboerna har ett mycket aktivt sexliv och alla tänkbara kombinationer förekommer: hona med hanne, hona med hona, hanne med hanne eller onani. I och med att honorna emigrerar till andra grupper när de blir könsmogna, medan hanarna stannar kvar, undviks inavel. Rudimentär språkförståelse[redigera | redigera wikitext] Jämförelse Bonobo – Schimpans[redigera | redigera wikitext] de Waal.
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Autogenic training Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation. It is a method for influencing one's autonomic nervous system. Abbe Faria and Emile Coue are the forerunners of Schultz. There are many parallels to progressive relaxation. In 1963 Luthe discovered the significance of "autogenic discharges", paroxysmic phenomena of motor, sensorial, visual and emotional nature related to the traumatic history of the patient, and developed the method of "Autogenic Abreaction". His disciple Luis de Rivera, a McGill trained psychiatrist, introduced psychodynamic concepts[1] into Luthe's approach, developing "Autogenic Analysis"[2] as a new method for uncovering the unconscious. Herbert Benson, MD, a Harvard professor also did significant research in the area. Effects[edit] Autogenic training restores the balance between the activity of the sympathetic (flight or fight) and the parasympathetic (rest and digest) branches of the autonomic nervous system. Contraindications[edit] References[edit]
Before the Fall of the Reindeer People A Sami (Lapp) family in Norway around 1900 Photo: Library of Congress In the freezing far northern reaches of Europe live an indigenous, semi-nomadic people Photo: A Sami (Lapp) family in Norway around 1900Photo: Library of Congress In the freezing far northern reaches of Europe live an indigenous, semi-nomadic people of fishermen, fur trappers and reindeer herders. Like a thin but stubborn sheet of ice, these people have inhabited Sápmi, a large but sparsely populated area covering parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and Russia’s Kola Peninsula for thousands of years. They remained closely tied to nature throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, as their clothes, dwellings and other trappings of culture bear witness – here beautifully frozen in film. These people are the Sámi. Photo: Sami family in front of their home, 1870sPhoto: Unknown photographer “This singular race is divided into three different groups: mountain, forest, and fisher Lapps. Photo: Photo, 1925: Richard Fleischhut