Marcel Duchamp Marcel Duchamp (French: [maʁsɛl dyʃɑ̃]; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French-American painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer whose work is associated with Dadaism[1][2] and conceptual art,[3] although not directly associated with Dada groups. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture.[4][5][6][7] Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists (like Henri Matisse) as "retinal" art, intended only to please the eye. Instead, Duchamp wanted to put art back in the service of the mind.[8] Importance[edit] Early life[edit] Of Eugene and Lucie Duchamp's seven children, one died as an infant and four became successful artists.
Freemasonry Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation that traces its origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of masons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry, its gradal system, retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by craft, or blue lodge Freemasonry. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are now administered by different bodies than the craft degrees. The basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the lodge. Masonic Lodge Palazzo Roffia, Lodge in Italy set out for French (Moderns) ritual The Masonic Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. There is very little consistency in Freemasonry. Ritual and symbolism Organisations of lodges
Tableaux de Pablo Picasso « Peintre, sculpteur, graveur et céramiste espagnol. Son génie, sa vitalité et sa prodigieuse créativité, ont profondément marqué l'art du XXe siècle. Au-delà des convergences qui le rattachent momentanément à un mouvement ou à un autre, les tableaux de Picasso sont avant tout personnels et autobiographiques. La toile devient le théâtre où l'artiste projette rêves et fantasmes, tristesse et colère, amour et tendresse dans une variété de styles sans égale, de l'éclatement géométrique du cubisme analytique des Demoiselles d'Avignon aux formes torturées des portraits de femmes des années 1930 en passant par le classicisme sculptural des années de son mariage avec Olga. Son art est inclassable, les styles les plus contradictoires se côtoient dans le temps, épuré, baroque, torturé, enfantin, surréaliste.
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon - Pablo Picasso - 1907 Joseph Beuys Joseph Beuys (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈbɔʏs]; 12 May 1921 – 23 January 1986) was a German Fluxus, happening and performance artist as well as a sculptor, installation artist, graphic artist, art theorist and pedagogue of art. His extensive work is grounded in concepts of humanism, social philosophy and anthroposophy; it culminates in his "extended definition of art" and the idea of social sculpture as a gesamtkunstwerk, for which he claimed a creative, participatory role in shaping society and politics. His career was characterized by passionate, even acrimonious public debate, but he is now regarded as one of the most influential artists of the second half of the 20th century.[1][2] Biography[edit] Childhood and early life in the Third Reich (1921–1941)[edit] Joseph Beuys was born in Krefeld, the son of the merchant Josef Jakob Beuys (1888–1958) and Johanna Maria Margarete Beuys (born Hülsermann, 1889–1974). WW II (1941–1945)[edit] Studies and beginnings (1945–1960)[edit]
Vincent van Gogh Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: [ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈʋɪləm vɑn ˈɣɔx] ( );[note 1] 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Post-Impressionist painter of Dutch origin whose work—notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty, and bold color—had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art. After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental illness,[1][2] he died aged 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted to be self-inflicted (although no gun was ever found).[3][note 2] Letters Vincent c. 1873 aged 19. Although many are undated, art historians have generally been able to put them in chronological order. Biography Early life Vincent c. 1866, approx. age 13 As a child, Vincent was serious, silent, and thoughtful. The house "Holme Court" in Isleworth, where Van Gogh stayed in 1876 [23][24] Van Gogh returned to England for unpaid work as a supply teacher in a small boarding school overlooking the harbor in Ramsgate, where he made sketches of the view. Etten, Drenthe and The Hague Emerging artist
Juan Gris José Victoriano (Carmelo Carlos) González-Pérez (March 23, 1887 – May 11, 1927), better known as Juan Gris (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwaŋ ˈɡɾis]), was a Spanish painter and sculptor born in Madrid who lived and worked in France most of his life. Closely connected to the innovative artistic genre Cubism, his works are among the movement's most distinctive. Early life[edit] Born in Madrid, Gris studied mechanical drawing at the Escuela de Artes y Manufacturas in Madrid from 1902 to 1904, during which time he contributed drawings to local periodicals. Career[edit] In 1906 he moved to Paris and became friends with Henri Matisse, Georges Braque and Fernand Léger. "He appears with two styles", writes art historian Peter Brooke, "In one of them a grid structure appears that is clearly reminiscent of the Goûter and of Metzinger's later work in 1912 Designer and theorist[edit] In 1924, he designed ballet sets and costumes for Sergei Diaghilev and the famous Ballets Russes. Death[edit] Art market[edit]
meaning Nam June Paik Nam June Paik (July 20, 1932 – January 29, 2006) was a Korean American artist. He worked with a variety of media and is considered to be the founder of video art.[1][2] He was married to the video artist Shigeko Kubota in 1965. Paik is credited with an early usage (1974) of the term "electronic super highway" in application to telecommunications.[3] Early life[edit] Born in Seoul in 1932, the youngest of five siblings, Paik had 2 older brothers and 2 older sisters. His father owned a major textile manufacturing firm. Paik then moved to Germany to study music history with composer Thrasybulos Georgiades at Munich University.[4] While studying in Germany, Paik met the composers Karlheinz Stockhausen and John Cage and the conceptual artists Joseph Beuys and Wolf Vostell who inspired him to work in the field of electronic art.[5] Works[edit] Pre-Bell-Man, statue in front of the 'Museum für Kommunikation', Frankfurt am Main, Germany Paik was known for making robots out of television sets.
John Forbes Nash, Jr. John Forbes Nash, Jr. (born June 13, 1928) is an American mathematician whose works in game theory, differential geometry, and partial differential equations have provided insight into the factors that govern chance and events inside complex systems in daily life. His theories are used in market economics, computing, evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, accounting, politics and military theory. Serving as a Senior Research Mathematician at Princeton University during the latter part of his life, he shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi. Early life[edit] Nash was born on June 13, 1928, in Bluefield, West Virginia. Education[edit] Nash attended kindergarten and public school. Nash's advisor and former Carnegie Tech professor R. Major contributions[edit] Game theory[edit] Nash's major publications relating to this concept are in the following papers: Nash, JF (1950). Mathematics[edit] "Real algebraic manifolds".
Fernand Léger Joseph Fernand Henri Léger (French: [leʒe]; February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painter, sculptor, and filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism which he gradually modified into a more figurative, populist style. His boldly simplified treatment of modern subject matter has caused him to be regarded as a forerunner of pop art. Biography[edit] Léger was born in Argentan, Orne, Lower Normandy, where his father raised cattle. 1909–1914[edit] In 1909 he moved to Montparnasse and met such leaders of the avant-garde as Archipenko, Lipchitz, Chagall, Joseph Csaky and Robert Delaunay. In 1910 he exhibited at the Salon d'Automne in the same room (salle VIII) with Jean Metzinger and Henri Le Fauconnier. Léger's paintings, from then until 1914, became increasingly abstract. 1914–1920[edit] Dans L'Usine, 1918, oil on canvas, 56 x 38 cm (22 x 15 in) Léger's experiences in World War I had a significant effect on his work. 1920s[edit] 1930s[edit] The War years[edit]
meaning The Beatles The Beatles were an English rock band that formed in Liverpool, in 1960. With John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, they became widely regarded as the greatest and most influential act of the rock era.[1] Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented with several genres, ranging from pop ballads to psychedelic and hard rock, often incorporating classical elements in innovative ways. In the early 1960s, their enormous popularity first emerged as "Beatlemania", but as their songwriting grew in sophistication they came to be perceived as an embodiment of the ideals shared by the era's sociocultural revolutions. History 1957–62: formation, Hamburg, and UK popularity In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a skiffle group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. Koschmider had converted a couple of strip clubs in the district into music venues, and he initially placed the Beatles at the Indra Club. "British Invasion"
Rockefeller family The Rockefeller family /ˈrɒkɨfɛlər/ is an American industrial, political, and banking family that made one of the world's largest fortunes in the oil business during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with John D. Rockefeller and his brother William Rockefeller primarily through Standard Oil.[1] The family is also known for its long association with and control of Chase Manhattan Bank.[2] They are considered to be one of the most powerful families, if not the most powerful family,[3] in the history of the United States. Real Estate and Institutions[edit] The Rockefeller Center and the RCA Building, December 1933 The family was heavily involved in numerous real estate construction projects in the U.S. during the 20th century.[4] Chief among them: Conservation[edit] The family was honored for its conservation efforts in November, 2005, by the National Audubon Society, one of America's largest and oldest conservation organizations, at which over 30 family members attended.