Win-Win / Win-Lose / Lose-Lose Situations
The Basics Win-win, win-lose, and lose-lose are game theory terms that refer to the possible outcomes of a game or dispute involving two sides, and more importantly, how each side perceives their outcome relative to their standing before the game. For example, a "win" results when the outcome of a negotiation is better than expected, a "loss" when the outcome is worse than expected. Two people may receive the same outcome in measurable terms, say $10, but for one side that may be a loss, while for the other it is a win. In other words, expectations determine one's perception of any given result. Win-win outcomes occur when each side of a dispute feels they have won. Win-lose situations result when only one side perceives the outcome as positive. Lose-lose means that all parties end up being worse off. In other situations, though, lose-lose outcomes occur when win-win outcomes might have been possible. Use the following to cite this article: Spangler, Brad.
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Avoidance Lose-Lose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Avoidance may refer to:
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" and Bullying
While holiday shopping, I saw many items featuring my favorite Christmas character, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Amid the nostalgia I was feeling for good old Rudolph, I was reminded of a conference I attended at the beginning of the calendar year. One of the speakers mentioned using popular art and media to teach classroom lessons. "How Can You Overlook That?" Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer begins with Rudolph's father, Donner, being uncomfortable with Rudolph's red, glowing nose. Discussion Points: Rudolph's family is not accepting of him. "Hermey Doesn't Like to Make Toys!" Hermey the elf does not like to make toys and is therefore an outcast. Discussion Points: Being your true self. Reindeer Games When the reindeer are playing games, the other reindeer discover that Rudolph has a glowing nose. Discussion Points: Forms of bullying including: Name calling, isolation, and exclusion. "Seems to Us Kind of Silly That We Don't Fit In" Discussion Points: Ramifications of bullying.
Conciliation
Conciliation is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process whereby the parties to a dispute use a conciliator, who meets with the parties separately in an attempt to resolve their differences. They do this by lowering tensions, improving communications, interpreting issues, providing technical assistance, exploring potential solutions and bringing about a negotiated settlement. Conciliation differs from arbitration in that the conciliation process, in and of itself, has no legal standing, and the conciliator usually has no authority to seek evidence or call witnesses, usually writes no decision, and makes no award. Conciliation differs from mediation in that the main goal is to conciliate, most of the time by seeking concessions. In mediation, the mediator tries to guide the discussion in a way that optimizes parties' needs, takes feelings into account and reframes representations. Effectiveness[edit] Historical conciliation[edit] Japan[edit]
Competition Win-Lose
Competition in sports. A selection of images showing some of the sporting events that are classed as athletics competitions. Consequences[edit] Competition can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Biology and ecology[edit] Economics and business[edit] Merriam-Webster defines competition in business as "the effort of two or more parties acting independently to secure the business of a third party by offering the most favorable terms".[4] It was described by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (1776) and later economists as allocating productive resources to their most highly-valued uses.[5] and encouraging efficiency. Experts have also questioned the constructiveness of competition in profitability. Three levels of economic competition have been classified: In addition, companies also compete for financing on the capital markets (equity or debt) in order to generate the necessary cash for their operations. Competition does not necessarily have to be between companies. Law[edit]
Cooperation
Among humans[edit] Language allows humans to cooperate on a very large scale. Certain studies have suggested that fairness affects human cooperation; individuals are willing to punish at their own cost (altruistic punishment) if they believe that they are being treated unfairly.[2][3] Sanfey, et al. conducted an experiment where 19 individuals were scanned using MRI while playing an Ultimatum Game in the role of the responder.[3] They received offers from other human partners and from a computer partner. Responders refused unfair offers from human partners at a significantly higher rate than those from a computer partner. The experiment also suggested that altruistic punishment is associated with negative emotions that are generated in unfair situations by the anterior insula of the brain.[3] Among other animals[edit] Cooperation exists in non-human animals. Some researchers assert that cooperation is more complex than this. Kin selection[edit] Cooperative systems[edit] See also[edit]
Win-win game
A win-win game is a game which is designed in a way that all participants can profit from it in one way or the other. In conflict resolution, a win-win strategy is a conflict resolution process that aims to accommodate all disputants.[1][2][3] Types[edit] In colloquial speech, a win-win situation often refers to situation where one benefits, not necessarily through someone else's loss.In the context of group-dynamic games, win-win games are also called "cooperative games", "new games" or "games without losers".Mathematical game theory also refers to win-win games as non-zero-sum games (although they may include situations where either or both players lose as well).The TKI Thomas/Kilmann Conflict Profile provides a model that reveals preferences under stress and pressure. Group dynamics[edit] Group-dynamics win-win games have been increasingly popular since the end of the Vietnam war and have been successfully applied to all levels of society. See also[edit] References[edit]
Confrontation analysis
Confrontation analysis (also known as dilemma analysis) is an operational analysis technique used to structure, understand and think through multi-party interactions such as negotiations. It is the underpinning mathematical basis of drama theory. It is derived from game theory but considers that instead of resolving the game, the players often redefine the game when interacting. Emotions triggered from the potential interaction play a large part in this redefinition. So whereas game theory looks on an interaction as a single decision matrix and resolves that, confrontation analysis looks on the interaction as a sequence of linked interactions, where the decision matrix changes under the influence of precisely defined emotional dilemmas.[1] Derivation and use[edit] Much of the theoretical background to General Rupert Smith's book The Utility of Force drew its inspiration from the theory of confrontation analysis. Method[edit] Each side had a position as to what they wanted to happen:
