Enlightenment
1. The True: Science, Epistemology and Metaphysics in the Enlightenment In this era dedicated to human progress, the advancement of the natural sciences is regarded as the main exemplification of, and fuel for, such progress. Isaac Newton's epochal accomplishment in his Principia Mathematica (1687), which, very briefly described, consists in the comprehension of a diversity of physical phenomena – in particular the motions of heavenly bodies, together with the motions of sublunary bodies – in few relatively simple, universally applicable, mathematical laws, was a great stimulus to the intellectual activity of the eighteenth century and served as a model and inspiration for the researches of a number of Enlightenment thinkers. 1.1 Rationalism and the Enlightenment René Descartes' rationalist system of philosophy is foundational for the Enlightenment in this regard. 1.2 Empiricism and the Enlightenment 1.3 Skepticism in the Enlightenment 1.5 Emerging Sciences and the Encyclopedia 2. Deism.
Galilée ou l'Amour de Dieu [Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe _ 2005]
A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics: On the Conjugational System of the Sanskrit Language
Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566 Winfred P. Lehmann In comparison with that of Greek, Latin, Persian and the Germanic languages From Über das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache in Vergleichung mit jenem der griechischen, lateinischen, persischen und germanischen Sprache (Frankfurt-am-Main: in der Andreäischen Buchhandlung, 1816) Editor's Introduction It may be unfair to Bopp to give a selection from his initial work. For in 1816 Bopp is still pursuing the course of Friedrich von Schlegel. To interpret Bopp's aims from the often tedious introduction of his teacher Windischmann, Conjugational System i-xxxxvi, may also be less than flattering to the mature Bopp; but it gives us an insight into contemporary hopes for comparative linguistics and accordingly some understanding of the tremendous energy with which it was pursued. One shortcoming was the almost exclusive attention to morphology. Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Note.
Interactive map: Loss of Indian land
The Vault is Slate's history blog. Like us on Facebook, follow us on Twitter @slatevault, and find us on Tumblr. Find out more about what this space is all about here. This interactive map, produced by University of Georgia historian Claudio Saunt to accompany his new book West of the Revolution: An Uncommon History of 1776, offers a time-lapse vision of the transfer of Indian land between 1776 and 1887. As blue “Indian homelands” disappear, small red areas appear, indicating the establishment of reservations. The project’s source data is a set of maps produced in 1899 by the Bureau of American Ethnology. While the time-lapse function is the most visually impressive aspect of this interactive, the “source map” option (available on the map's site) offers a deep level of detail. In the site’s “About” section (reachable by clicking on the question mark), Saunt is careful to point out that the westward-moving boundaries could sometimes be vague.
Historical Linguistics PowerPoint presentation
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Keywords for Prof. Alastair Pennycook's Critical Applied Linguistics #3
1.2 Historical / political terms 1.2.1 Enlightenment A dictionary definition of the Enlightenment is "a philosophic movement of the 18th century characterized by an untrammeled but frequently uncritical use of reason, a lively questioning of authority and traditional doctrines and values, a tendency toward individualism, and an emphasis on the idea of universal human progress and on the empirical method in science." Although, the Enlightenment is usually associated with the 18 century, as Paul Brians says in his homepage, the notion goes back to much further. The 18th century is often described as the Age of Enlightenment, whereas the 17th is typically known as the Age of Reason. Origins of the Enlightenment can be traced to thinkers like Descartes, Newton, Thomas Paine, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and David Hume Read Kant's short essay "What is Enlightenment?" 1.2.2 Colonialism
Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change. It has five main concerns: to describe and account for observed changes in particular languagesto reconstruct the pre-history of languages and determine their relatedness, grouping them into language families (comparative linguistics)to develop general theories about how and why language changesto describe the history of speech communitiesto study the history of words, i.e. etymology. History and development Modern historical linguistics dates from the late 18th century. It grew out of the earlier discipline of philology, the study of ancient texts and documents dating back to wikt:antiquity. At first, historical linguistics was comparative linguistics. Full article ▸
Linguistics 201: Historical-comparative Linguistics
Historical-comparative Linguistics (by Edward J. Vajda) Linguists today hotly debate the issue of monogenesis vs. polygenesis. Did language arise once in the distant past, so that today's 5,000 languages are all descended from this original Mother Tongue? Or did language arise in several or even dozens of locations in prehistory, so that today's languages are descended variously from those multiple Mother Tongues? This method of analysing languages is known as the comparative method; linguists using it are referred to as comparative linguists. When comparative linguists discover a group of historically related languages, they try to reconstruct the original form of the ancestor language of each family, which they call a proto language (give example of Indo-European mother and daughter languages). As we have noted, about 5,000 languages are spoken in the world today. Comparative linguists today hotly debate whether or not certain languages should be grouped together into families.
