PCR Virtual Lab Primers are short pieces of DNA that are made in a laboratory. Since they're custom built, primers can have any sequence of nucleotides you'd like. In a PCR experiment, two primers are designed to match to the segment of DNA you want to copy. Through complementary base pairing, one primer attaches to the top strand at one end of your segment of interest, and the other primer attaches to the bottom strand at the other end. In most cases, 2 primers that are 20 or so nucleotides long will target just one place in the entire genome. Primers are also necessary because DNA polymerase can't attach at just any old place and start copying away. DNA Polymerase is a naturally occurring complex of proteins whose function is to copy a cell's DNA before it divides in two. The DNA polymerase in our bodies breaks down at temperatures well below 95 °C (203 °F), the temperature necessary to separate two complementary strands of DNA in a test tube.
Meiosis: An Interactive Animation Diploid Cell (2N): From a preceding mitotic division, the Oogonium (Spermatogonium) enters meiosis with DIPLOID (2N) chromosomes but TETRAPLOID (4N) DNA. Chromosomes then duplicate to produce SISTER CHROMATIDS (or HOMOLOGOUS DYADS). Prophase I: Dyad pairs align to create "TETRADS", non-sister chromatids connect and trade sections at a "CHIASMA", a process called "CROSSING OVER". Metaphase I: SPINDLE FIBERS attach to each dyad at the KINETOCHORE. Anaphase I: Chiasmata break apart and sister chromatids begin migrating toward opposite poles. Telophase I: CLEAVAGE FURROW forms beginning the process of CYTOKINESIS (cell division). Prophase II: Spindle formation begins and centrosomes begin moving toward poles. Metaphase II: Tension from spindle fibers aligns chromosomes at the metaphase plate. Anaphase II: CHROMATIDS separate and begin moving to the poles. Telophase II: CLEAVAGE FURROW forms beginning CYTOKINESIS. Gamete (1N): NUCLEAR ENVELOPES form and chromosomes disperse as CHROMATIN.
FISH pour le diagnostic préimplantatoire génétique This article describes the selection of suitable probes for single-cell FISH, spreading techniques for blastomere nuclei, and in situ hybridization and signal scoring, applied to pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in a clinical setting. Date Published: 2/23/2011, Issue 48; doi: 10.3791/2570 Keywords: Medicine, Issue 48, Fluorescence in situ hybridization, Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, PGD, Sex determination, Translocations, Chromosome aneuploidy Scriven, P. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an established alternative to pre-natal diagnosis, and involves selecting pre-implantation embryos from a cohort generated by assisted reproduction technology (ART). 1. Cell lysis buffer for spreading cells (0.2% Tween20 in 0.01 M HCl, pH 2.0) should be prepared 24 hours in advance and stored at -20°C Prepare 100 mL and filter 20 mL into a 30 mL sterile universal container using a sterile 20 mL syringe and syringe filter. 2. 3. 4. Figure 1. Figure 2.
Fighting infection with vaccines - Science (9) - ABC Splash - Overview Explore historical and modern efforts to battle human infectious diseases. Watch re-enactments of the experiments of Edward Jenner, who pioneered vaccination, and of Louis Pasteur's work showing how microbes cause infection. Peer down the microscope to see the microbial world that wreaks havoc on human health. Learn about the work of an Australian team developing a vaccine against the diarrhoea. 13 mins 46 secs Source: Pathways to Australian Science | Learning area: Science | Secondary: Year 9 Transcript 00:00:07:03NARRATOR:Sickness... ...Read more > 00:11:16:20DR RUTH BISHOP:We went looking for the cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children coming into hospital. About this resource Acknowledgements Source: Pathways to Australian Science Date first broadcast: 01 January 1998 Cite this resource You can use this information to reference this item. Bibliographic details for 'Fighting infection with vaccines': Pathways to Australian Science, ' Fighting infection with vaccines', ABC Splash
Methods and protocols in molecular biology - GFP Applications Page designed by Wallace Marshall, Yale University. {*style:<b>Added: 28-Nov-1999 Hits: 982 Rating: 7.33 Votes: 3 [ Rate It ] </b>*} - Contains many molecular biology protocols as well as some Drosophila protocols. {*style:<b>Added: 26-Sep-2003 Hits: 447 Rating: 10 Votes: 1 - Data bases, systems, and programs on molecular biology and genetics. {*style:<b>Added: 22-Nov-1999 Hits: 897 Rating: 10.00 Votes: 1 - The following methods have been optimized and tested by the Molecular Biology Division of the Sequencing Unit over a period of several years: Construction of Organellar DNA Libraries, Preparation of Single-stranded DNA, Preparation of Plasmid DNA, DNA Sequencing Strategy, Sequencing Gel and Electrophoresis, Sequence Analysis. {*style:<b>Added: 1-Oct-1999 Hits: 1128 Rating: 0 Votes: 0
i-Biology | international, independent, illuminated All Non-Africans Part Neanderthal, Genetics Confirm If your heritage is non-African, you are part Neanderthal, according to a new study in the July issue of Molecular Biology and Evolution. Discovery News has been reporting on human/Neanderthal interbreeding for some time now, so this latest research confirms earlier findings. Damian Labuda of the University of Montreal's Department of Pediatrics and the CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center conducted the study with his colleagues. They determined some of the human X chromosome originates from Neanderthals, but only in people of non-African heritage. "This confirms recent findings suggesting that the two populations interbred," Labuda was quoted as saying in a press release. His team believes most, if not all, of the interbreeding took place in the Middle East, while modern humans were migrating out of Africa and spreading to other regions. The ancestors of Neanderthals left Africa about 400,000 to 800,000 years ago. Fast forward to 2010, when the Neanderthal genome was sequenced.
Plants - Interactive Science Games and Activities plants A plant is a living thing. A plant needs light, warmth, water and nutrients to grow well. Roots take up water and nutrients from the soil. They also keep the plant steady and upright in the soil. The stem carries water and nutrients to different parts of the plant. The leaves make food by using light from the sun, along with carbon dioxide from the air and water. Sats Questions about Plants Self Marking Plants Sats Quiz Sats Questions about Parts of a Plant Mixed Sats Questions
How Water Shapes DNA Water molecules surround the genetic material DNA in a very specific way. Scientists at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) have discovered that, on the one hand, the texture of this hydration shell depends on the water content and, on the other hand, actually influences the structure of the genetic substance itself. These findings are not only important in understanding the biological function of DNA; they could also be used for the construction of new DNA-based materials. The DNA's double helix never occurs in isolation; instead, its entire surface is always covered by water molecules which attach themselves with the help of hydrogen bonds. "We've been able to verify that some of the water is bound stronger whereas other molecules are less so," notes Dr. Analyses of the genetic material were conducted at the HZDR by the doctoral candidate Hassan Khesbak. Oscillations of the water bonds in the hydration shell of the double helix can be excited by infrared light.
How plants work - Science (4) - ABC Splash - Overview Plants are the only living things that can make their own food. They do this during the day while it's light, using a process called photosynthesis, which uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. 5 mins 11 secs Source: Kids in the Garden | Learning area: Science | Primary: Year 4 Transcript 00:00:19:06NICK HARDCASTLE:Mmm! ...Read more > 00:00:36:08VOICE:Yummy! About this resource Acknowledgements Source: Kids in the Garden Date first broadcast: 27 June 2005 Cite this resource You can use this information to reference this item. Bibliographic details for 'How plants work': Kids in the Garden, ' How plants work', ABC Splash abcspla.sh/m/104100 25 April 2014 Copyright information Metadata © Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Education Services Australia Ltd 2012 (except where otherwise indicated).
DAVID: Gene Functional Classification What does this tool do? Quickly translate given gene IDs to corresponding gene names in a batch way Provide links for each genes to DAVID Gene Report for in-depth information Search functionally related genes within user's input gene list or genome Key Concepts of "Search Related Genes" Any given gene is associating with a set of annotation terms. Find Related Genes Tool is very different and complementary to the common gene clustering methods, such as homologous genes based on sequence similarity; protein families based on one common biological activity. Anatomy Labs - OnlineLabs.in - Virtual laboratory simulations for science education Below is a list of freely available online anatomy, physiology and virtual dissection lab resources. Get Body Smart – An online examination of human anatomy and physiologyHuman Body & Mind – From the BBCVirtual AutopsyFroguts! – Virtual frog dissection and labsVirtual Frog Dissection Kit – From Berkeley LabVirtual Cat Dissection – From Penn State UniversityVirtual Pig Dissection – From Whitman CollegeVirtual Owl Pellet Dissection – From KidWingsJayDoc HistoWeb – From the University of Kansas Medical Center. The following anatomy and physiology laboratory simulations and educational learning exercises are available for a fee. Commercial products Anatomy & Physiology LabPaqs – Hands-on laboratory experiences Also see the list of other Biology Labs. Return to the List of Subjects.
Scientists observe single gene activity in living cells in detail for first time Researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have for the first time observed the activity of a single gene in living cells. In an unprecedented study, published in the April 22 online edition of Science, Einstein scientists were able to follow, in real time, the process of gene transcription, which occurs when a gene converts its DNA information into molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) that go on to make the protein coded by the gene. Robert Singer, Ph.D., co-director of the Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center at Einstein and professor and co-chair of anatomy and structural biology, is senior author of the paper. Using florescent proteins, the researchers were able to follow mRNA activity by inserting DNA sequences into a gene in live yeast cells. The study involved monitoring the activity of RNA polymerase -- the enzyme that constructs mRNA molecules by linking single nucleotides together into a molecular chain.
Zygote | 3D Human Anatomy for Animation, Illustration, CAD and Software Development