Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks were the majority faction in a crucial vote, hence their name. They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[6] The Bolsheviks came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which would later become the chief constituent of the Soviet Union in 1922. The Bolsheviks, founded by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov, were by 1905 a major organization consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia. Their beliefs and practices were often referred to as Bolshevism. History of the split[edit] In the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, held in Brussels and London during August 1903, Lenin and Julius Martov disagreed over the membership rules. Origins of the name[edit]

October Revolution The October Revolution (Russian: Октя́брьская револю́ция, tr. Oktyabr'skaya revolyutsiya, IPA: [ɐkˈtʲæbrʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲʉtsɨjə]), officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Russian: Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция, tr. Velikaya Oktyabr'skaya sotsialisticheskaya revolyutsiya), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd traditionally dated to 25 October 1917 (by the Julian or Old Style calendar, which corresponds to 7 November 1917 in the Gregorian or New Style calendar). Etymology[edit] Initially, the event was referred as the October coup (Октябрьский переворот) or the Uprising of 25th, as seen in contemporary documents (for example, in the first editions of Lenin's complete works). Background[edit] A scene from the July Days. A period of repression followed. Events[edit]

Bolshevism, the Road to Revolution There have been many books and potted histories of Russia, either written from an anti-Bolshevik perspective, or its Stalinist mirror image, which paint a false account of the rise of Bolshevism. For them, Bolshevism is either an historical "accident" or "tragedy". Or it is portrayed erroneously as the work of one great man (Lenin) who marched single-minded towards the October Revolution. Alan Woods, in rejecting these "theses", reveals the real evolution of Bolshevism as a living struggle to apply the methods of Marxism to the peculiarities of Russia. The online publication of this book is part of the In Defence of Marxism project. The book, which is nearly 600 pages long has a retail price of £15 in Britain, but you can get a special price if you buy it directly from us.

Bolsheviks revolt in Russia - HISTORY Led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin, leftist revolutionaries launch a nearly bloodless coup d’État against Russia’s ineffectual Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks and their allies occupied government buildings and other strategic locations in the Russian capital of Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) and within two days had formed a new government with Lenin as its head. Bolshevik Russia, later renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was the world’s first Marxist state. Born Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov in 1870, Lenin was drawn to the revolutionary cause after his brother was executed in 1887 for plotting to assassinate Czar Alexander III. He studied law and took up practice in Petrograd, where he associated with revolutionary Marxist circles. After the end of his exile, in 1900, Lenin went to Western Europe, where he continued his revolutionary activity. After the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of 1905, Lenin returned to Russia.

Tools for inventing organizations: Toward a handbook of organizational processes (June 25, 1998) If you would would like to see a limited version of the WWW version of the Process Handbook application, click here. Tools for inventing organizations: Toward a handbook of organizational processes Thomas W. Copyright © 1997 Center for Coordination Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Tools for inventing organizations: Toward a handbook of organizational processes This paper describes a novel theoretical and empirical approach to tasks such as business process redesign, enterprise modeling, and software development. A key element of the work is an approach to analyzing processes at various levels of abstraction, thus capturing both the details of specific processes as well as the "deep structure" of their similarities. In recent years, we have seen striking examples of process innovations that have transformed the way organizations work. The goal of compiling a complete handbook of business processes is, of course, a never-ending task. Specialization of processes

Bourgeoisie The prototypical bourgeois: Monsieur Jourdain, the protagonist of the play Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (1670), by Molière, is the best would-be nobleman that money can buy. In Marxist philosophy, the term bourgeoisie denotes the social class who owns the means of production and whose societal concerns are the value of property and the preservation of capital, in order to ensure the perpetuation of their economic supremacy in society.[3] Joseph Schumpeter instead saw the creation of new bourgeoisie as the driving force behind the capitalist engine, particularly entrepreneurs who took risks in order to bring innovation to industries and the economy through the process of creative destruction.[4] Etymology[edit] The 16th-century German banker Jakob Fugger and his principal accountant, M. Schwarz, registering an entry to a ledger. The background shows a file cabinet indicating the European cities where the Fugger Banker conducts business. (1517) History[edit] Denotations[edit] Nomenclatura[edit]

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis." It was negotiated during the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was signed in 1947 and lasted until 1994, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994.[1] Rounds[edit] GATT held a total of nine rounds, Annecy Round: 1949[edit] The second round took place in 1949 in Annecy, France. 13 countries took part in the round. Torquay Round: 1951[edit] The third round occurred in Torquay, England in 1950. Geneva Round: 1955–59[edit]

Soviet working class Employment[edit] Productivity[edit] Several Soviets expressed concern over the focus of sharp growth in per capita income over that of labour productivity. A problem was that wages in the Soviet Union could neither be used as a way of disciplining workers or as an incentive system, except in a limited capacity. Soviet workers were not controlled by the stick and carrot (the carrot being increased wages and the stick being unemployment). Women[edit] Suits for men are manufactured at the Bolshevichka garment factory by women A last, major campaign to increase women employment was initiated in the 1960s because of labour shortages across the country. Similar to capitalism, patriarchy and the role of women played an important part in Soviet development. Despite discrimination, several advances were made. Standard of living[edit] Working conditions[edit] Wages[edit] An average Soviet working-class family; this family lived in Kiev Social benefits[edit] References[edit] Notes[edit] Bibliography[edit]

"Managing for Value: Developing a Performance Measurement System Integrating Economic Value Added and the Balanced Scorecard in Strategic Planning" by Fletcher, Harold D.; Smith, Darlene Brannigan - Journal of Business Strategies, Vol. 21, Issue 1, Spring Abstract Economic value added (EVA) systems and the balanced scorecard (BSC) have generated a tremendous interest in corporate America recently as approaches to performance management. Implementation of these methodologies has not proven to be easy. This paper introduces the analytical hierarchy process and shows how this methodology addresses the limitations ore VA and BSC by integrating them into one comprehensive system. A case study is used to illustrate this methodology. Introduction Managing for value has become the mantra of today's executives as the reality of today's competitive environments force businesses to focus on improving profitability. We focus on the development of a complementary system of managerial metrics linking the EVA system to the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) using analytical hierarchy processing (AHP). Economic Value Added A paramount objective of management should be the creation of value for the firm.

The Proletarian Revolution in Russia From the Archives of Marxism The Proletarian Revolution in Russia By Louis Fraina To mark the anniversary of the 1917 October Revolution, we print below excerpts from Louis Fraina’s introduction to The Proletarian Revolution in Russia (1918). The book mainly consists of articles by Bolshevik leaders V.I. In 1919, Fraina and other members of a left-wing faction in the Socialist Party who were expelled for advocating Bolshevism went on to found the Communist Party of America that September. The persistence of Czarism in Russia after its historical necessity had ceased, its clinging to power after Capitalism had come into being, produced a dual political and social development. This emergence of the proletariat, its independent class policy and class organizations, the Soviets, constitutes the decisive feature of the Russian Revolution,—an emergence definite and sufficiently aggressive to conquer power for the revolutionary proletariat....