Umayyad Caliphate - Wikipedia The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية, trans. Al-Khilāfah al-ʾumawiyya), also spelled Omayyad,[1] was the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centred on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: الأمويون, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بنو أمية, Banū ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya"), hailing from Mecca. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in AD 661/41 AH. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. At the time, the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of AD 680–692 and the Berber Revolt of 740–743. Origins[edit] History[edit]
Rashidun Caliphate - Wikipedia Rashidun Caliphate at greatest extent (Orthographic projection). The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ al-Khilāfah ar-Rāshidah) was the Islamic caliphate in the earliest period of Islam, comprising the first four caliphs—the "Rightly Guided" or Rashidun caliphs (Arabic: اَلْخُلَفَاءُ ٱلرَّاشِدُونَ al-Khulafā’ ar-Rāshidūn). It was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 (year 11 AH in the Islamic calendar). At its height, the Caliphate controlled an empire from the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, to the Caucasus in the north, North Africa from Egypt to present-day Tunisia in the west, and the Iranian plateau to Central Asia in the east. Origin[edit] Expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate. Expansion under the Prophet Muhammad, 622-632 Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632-661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 History[edit] Succession of Abu Bakr[edit] Abu Bakr planned his strategy accordingly. Succession of Umar[edit] Election of Uthman[edit] Economy[edit]
Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib - Wikipedia Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib (/æbˈdʊlə/; Arabic: عبدالله بن عبد المطلب) (c.546–570) was the father of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the son of Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim and of Fatimah bint Amr of the Makhzum clan.[1] He was married to Āminah bint Wahb.[2] Tabari also refers to another unnamed wife.[3] However, Aminah's son Muhammad was Abdullah's only child.[4] Marriage[edit] His father chose for him Āminah daughter of Wahb ibn 'Abd Munāf who was the grandson of Zuhrah, the brother of his great-great-grandfather Qusayy ibn Kilāb. His father went with him to the quarter of Banū Zuhrah. Death[edit] The caravan went on without him to Mecca with news of his absence and disease. Estate[edit] Name[edit] His ancestors and the family tree[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ Muhammad ibn Sa'ad. External links[edit]
Third Council of Constantinople - Wikipedia The Third Council of Constantinople, counted as the Sixth Ecumenical Council[1] by the Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church and other Christian groups, met in 680/681 and condemned monoenergism and monothelitism as heretical and defined Jesus Christ as having two energies and two wills (divine and human).[2] Background[edit] The Council settled a set of theological controversies that go back to the sixth century but had intensified under the Emperors Heraclius (610–641) and Constans II (641–668). After Constans' son and successor, Constantine IV had overcome the Muslim siege of Constantinople in 678, he immediately set his sights on restoring communion with Rome: he wrote to Pope Donus suggesting a conference on the matter. Proceedings[edit] On 7 November 680, a mere 37 bishops and a number of presbyters convened in the imperial palace, in the domed hall called the Trullus. See also[edit] References[edit] Bibliography[edit] Meyendorff, John (1989). External links[edit]
Monothelitism - Wikipedia Background[edit] The ongoing debates about the nature of Christ caused controversy within the Christian Church for centuries. During the 5th century, some regions of the Christian Church were thrown into confusion because of the debates that erupted over the nature of Jesus Christ. Nevertheless, the resultant debates led the Chalcedonians to accuse the Non-Chalcedonians of teaching Christ's humanity to be of a different kind from our own. This internal division was dangerous for the Byzantine Empire, which was under constant threat from external enemies, especially as many of the areas most likely to be lost to the empire were the regions that were in favour of Monophysitism, and who considered the religious hierarchy at Constantinople to be heretics only interested in crushing their faith.[4] In these provinces, the Non-Chalcedonians were far more numerous than the Chalcedonians. First attempt: Doctrine of one energy[edit] The Emperor Heraclius defeating the Persian king. See also[edit]
Sunni Islam Sunni Islam (/ˈsuːni/ or /ˈsʊni/) is the largest branch of Islam; its adherents are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah (Arabic: أهل السنة والجماعة), "people of the tradition of Muhammad and the consensus of the Ummah" or ahl as-sunnah (أهل السنة) for short. In English, they are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, and Sunnites. Sunni Islam is the world's largest religious body[1] and largest religious denomination for any religion in the world. Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as the orthodox version of the religion.[2][3] The word "Sunni" is believed to come from the term Sunnah (Arabic: سنة), which refers to the sayings and actions of the prophet Muhammad as recorded in hadiths.[4] The primary collections consisting of Kutub al-Sittah accepted by Sunni orthodoxy, in conjunction with the Quran and binding consensus, form the basis of all jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. Etymology[edit] History[edit] Adherents[edit] Organizational structure[edit] Schools of law[edit]
Shia Islam The Shia (Arabic: شيعة Shīʿah) represent the second largest denomination of Islam and adherents of Shia Islam are called Shias or the Shi'a as a collective or Shi'i individually.[1] Shi'a is the short form of the historic phrase Shīʻatu ʻAlī (شيعة علي) meaning "followers", "faction" or "party" of Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali, whom the Shia believe to be Muhammad's successor in the Caliphate. Twelver Shia (Ithnā'ashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shia Islam and the term Shia Muslim is often taken to refer to Twelvers by default. Shia Muslims constitute 10-20% of the world's Muslim population and 38% of the Middle East's entire population.[2] Although there are myriad Shi'i subsects, modern Shi'i Islam has been divided into three main groupings: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis.[6][7][8][9] Etymology[edit] Beliefs[edit] Imamate[edit] Succession of Ali[edit] Oh people! Shia Muslims believe this to be Muhammad's appointment of Ali as his successor. Ali's caliphate[edit] Hasan[edit]
Pentarchy - Wikipedia "Pentarchy" (from the Greek Πενταρχία, Pentarchia from πέντε pente, "five", and ἄρχειν archein, "to rule") is a model historically championed in Eastern Christianity as a model of church relations and administration as expressed by the laws of Emperor Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire. In the model, the Christian church is governed by the heads (Patriarchs) of the five major episcopal sees of the Roman Empire: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.[2] The idea came about because of the political and ecclesiastical prominence of these five sees, but the concept of their universal and exclusive authority was firmly tied to the administrative structure of the Roman Empire. The pentarchy was first tangibly expressed in the laws of Emperor Justinian I (527–565), particularly in Novella 131. The Quinisext Council of 692 gave it formal recognition and ranked the sees in order of preeminence. Development towards the Pentarchy[edit] Early Christianity[edit] See also[edit]