The Anatomy of a Search Engine Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page {sergey, page}@cs.stanford.edu Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Abstract In this paper, we present Google, a prototype of a large-scale search engine which makes heavy use of the structure present in hypertext. 1. (Note: There are two versions of this paper -- a longer full version and a shorter printed version. 1.1 Web Search Engines -- Scaling Up: 1994 - 2000 Search engine technology has had to scale dramatically to keep up with the growth of the web. 1.2. Creating a search engine which scales even to today's web presents many challenges. These tasks are becoming increasingly difficult as the Web grows. 1.3 Design Goals 1.3.1 Improved Search Quality Our main goal is to improve the quality of web search engines. 1.3.2 Academic Search Engine Research Aside from tremendous growth, the Web has also become increasingly commercial over time. 2. 2.1 PageRank: Bringing Order to the Web 2.1.1 Description of PageRank Calculation Vitae
PROJECT GUTENBERG Here are 5 ways to improve your site's rank in Google In April, Americans conducted a staggering 15.5 billion Web searches. Studies show that the first result receives about 40% of clicks. These days, simply creating a great website won't attract more customers to your business. To rank well on Google and other search sites, you have to optimize your site. There's a lot to SEO, and it requires patience; it can take months to see results. Choose keywords carefully Your keyword phrase is the search term that leads visitors to your site. Check the popularity of keywords with a tool like Google Adwords' Keyword Estimator. Use meta tags Meta tags provide information about a Web page. Some people erroneously believe that meta keywords and meta descriptions are terribly important. Focus on content Content is king. Of course, you also need to use your keyword phrase within your content. Pay attention to links Search engines see incoming links as votes for your site. With links, reputation is important. Hire an expert carefully
Science/Nature | Virgin Galactic: The logical next step The news that Sir Richard Branson has signed a deal to take paying passengers into space suggests the Ansari X-Prize has achieved its goal of bringing space tourism closer to the masses. One of the aims behind the $10m (£5.7m) challenge was to galvanise enthusiasm for private manned spaceflight, thereby bringing "out of this world" tourism within reach of ordinary people. In the past, space travel has been open only to the privileged few; either government-back astronauts or millionaires with enough spare cash to book a flight on a Russian Soyuz rocket to the International Space Station. If and when the Virgin venture - dubbed Virgin Galactic - begins offering its first spaceflights, the tickets will still be expensive. But Sir Richard says prices will eventually come down to a level where "masses of people" will get to enjoy the space experience. Five Virgin Galactic SpaceShips are to be built. "[The Ansari X-Prize] has succeeded in doing what it set out to do. Short but sweet Major step
Science/Nature | SpaceShipOne rockets to success The rocket plane SpaceShipOne has shot to an altitude of more than 100km for the second time inside a week to claim the $10m Ansari X-Prize. The stubby vehicle raced straight up into the sky over the Mojave Desert in California, US, with test pilot Brian Binnie at the controls. The plane did not roll like it had done on previous flights and set a new record for sub-orbital flight. The X-Prize was initiated to galvanise private space travel. It has been administered by the Missouri-based X-Prize Foundation. Its president Peter Diamandis hailed the Mojave Aerospace Ventures team behind SpaceShipOne. "We are proud to announce that SpaceShipOne has made two flights to 100km and has won the Ansari X Prize," he said. "What we finally have here, after 40 years of waiting, is the beginning of the personal spaceflight revolution." Two steps up Describing his record-breaking trip into space, Brian Binnie said: "It's a fantastic view; it's a fantastic feeling. Tickets to ride
Science/Nature | 'Space hotel' test craft launched An experimental spacecraft designed to test the viability of a hotel in space has been successfully sent into orbit. Genesis II is an inflatable module designed and launched by Bigelow Aerospace, a private company founded by an American hotel tycoon. The inflatable and flexible core of the spacecraft expands to form a bigger structure after launch. Billionaire Robert Bigelow hopes to use inflatable technology to construct a manned space station by 2015. Inflatable spacecraft are attractive because they take up less space on their launch vehicle than solid components and therefore cost less to place into orbit. Genesis II was launched onboard a Russian rocket, and successfully separated from its launch vehicle 14 minutes after lift-off, engineers said. Communications were established with the craft after a short delay, before the module beamed back a series of images of its expanding solar panels. Officials said the craft was functioning well, with communications and air pressure as expected.
Business | New currency for space travellers Scientists have come up with a new currency designed to be used by inter-planetary travellers. It is called the Quasi Universal Intergalactic Denomination, or Quid. It is designed to withstand the stresses of space travel and has no sharp edges or chemicals that could hurt space tourists. It was designed for the foreign exchange company Travelex by scientists from the National Space Centre and the University of Leicester. "None of the existing payment systems we use on earth - like cash, credit or debit cards - could be used in space," said Professor George Fraser from the University of Leicester. "Anything with sharp edges, like coins, would be a risk to astronauts while the chips and magnetic strips used in our cards on Earth would be damaged beyond repair by cosmic radiation," he added. Using any sort of technology that involved sending and receiving information from Earth would also be impractical because of the distances involved.
Science/Nature | Virgin unveils spaceship designs Virgin Galactic has released the final design of the launch system that will take fare-paying passengers into space. It is based on the X-Prize-winning SpaceShipOne concept - a rocket ship that is lifted initially by a carrier plane before blasting skywards. The Virgin system is essentially a refinement, but has been increased in size to take eight people at a time on a sub-orbital trip, starting in 2010. Virgin boss Sir Richard Branson said the space business had huge potential. "I think it's very important that we make a genuine commercial success of this project," he told a news conference in New York. "If we do, I believe we'll unlock a wall of private sector money into both space launch systems and space technology. "This could rival the scale of investment in the mobile phone and internet technologies after they were unlocked from their military origins and thrown open to the private sector." The 'experience' SpaceShipTwo (SS2) is about 60% complete, Virgin Galactic says.
Science/Nature | Firm rockets into space tourism The European aerospace giant EADS is going into the space tourism business. Its Astrium division says it will build a space plane capable of carrying fare-paying passengers on a sub-orbital ride more than 100km above the planet. The vehicle, which will take off from a normal airport, will give the tourists a three-to-five-minute experience of weightlessness at the top of its climb. Tickets are expected to cost up to 200,000 euros (£135,000), with flights likely to begin in 2012. "We believe it is the will of human beings to visit space and we have to give them the possibility to do that," said Francois Auque, the CEO of Astrium. "Astrium is by far the largest space company in Europe, so we are very knowledgeable in all these matters. Two in one EADS Astrium is the company that builds the Ariane rocket, which lofts most of the world's commercial satellites. The front end of a full-scale model was unveiled at a publicity event in Paris on Wednesday. World window Child's dream